Fig 1.

The microbiome of honey bee queens varies extensively in the abundance of the two most prevalent bacterial families, Acetobacteraceae and Lactobacillaceae. (A) Relative (above) and library read depth normalized (below) coverage of bacteria genera comprising the microbiome of healthy and failing honey bee queens from two different locations, Pennsylvania (USA) and British Columbia (Canada). Color shades represent bacteria families; Acetobacteraceae (yellow), Bifidobacteriaceae (green), Erwiniaceae (gray), Lactobacillaceae (purple), and Orbaceae (blue). (B) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showing the distribution of queen samples based on the dissimilarity of relative proportions of the microbial communities at family (above) and genus level (below). Arrows highlight the bacteria with the strongest contribution to the ordination, and each axis shows the percentage of variation explaining.