Fig. 4.

Effect of FBXL4 on HFpEF-induced changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure, apoptosis, autophagy and mitophagy. A: Representative TEM images; B: Mitochondrial length (major axis); C: Mitochondrial circularity index; D: Mitochondrial distribution by unit size; E: Mitochondrial density; F: NAD⁺/NADH ratio; G: Aconitase activity; H: Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2); I: Bax; J: Beclin-1; K: Atg5; L: LC3BII and M: p62. Insets: Representative immunoblots depicting UCP2, Bax, Beclin-1, Atg5, LC3BII, and p62 using specific antibodies. Mean ± SEM, n = 5 mice per group (4 replicates each mouse, panel A–E), n = 4 mice per group (3 replicates per mouse, panel F), n = 4 mice per group (6 replicates per mouse, panel G), and n = 6 mice per group (H–M). Statistical significance was estimated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test, repeated measures ANOVA in R and Bonferroni adjusted test. ****p < 0.0001 between indicated groups.