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. 2024 Jan 27;20(4):1332–1355. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.90982

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Illustration represents the polyphenols targeting the NF-κB pathway associated with Parkinson's disease. The activation of the NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 pathways by amyloid-beta plaque and neurofibrillary tangles ultimately results in the leaking of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation, which ultimately leads to Parkinson's disease.