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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2024 Jan 1;45(1):e46–e53. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000001232

Table 2.

Type of autoimmune disease first identified among study subjects

Research-identified ASD cases Age- and- sex-matched referents


Autoimmune disease Females (N=19) Males (N=36) Females (N=25) Males (N=34)

 Diabetes Mellitus 2 11 2 4
 Crohn’s disease 1 2 1 3
 Ulcerative colitis 0 2 2 3
 Autoimmune hepatitis 0 0 1 0
 Multiple sclerosis 1 0 0 1
 Celiac disease 2 5 2 2
 Psoriasis 2 3 3 7
 Alopecia Areata 5 7 3 8
 Vitiligo 0 1 2 2
 Rheumatoid arthritis 1 2 1 1
 Lupus 0 0 1 0
 Scleroderma 1 0 0 0
 Autoimmune anemia 0 1 0 0
 Autoimmune thyroiditis 2 1 5 0
 Graves’ disease 1 0 1 2
 Purpura 1 1 1 0
 Dermatomyositis 0 0 0 1