Extended Data Fig. 5. CSF cryptic HDGFL2 levels measured by MSD in all CSF samples grouped into sporadic ALS, C9orf72 mutation carriers, and controls.

The CSF/diluent ratios in sporadic ALS (n = 44 individuals, mean = 1.79, SD = 3.50; z = −4.09, p = 6x10⁻⁵) and C9orf72 mutation carriers (n = 96 individuals for statistical analysis, data points show all n = 157 CSF samples, mean = 2.30, SD = 6.52, z = −3.71, p = 0.0002) were significantly higher than those in control CSF samples (n = 62 individuals for statistical analysis, data points show all n = 66 CSF samples, mean = 1.09, SD = 1.07). Where multiple CSF samples were available from one individual, CSF/diluent ratios for each sample were averaged for that individual for statistical analyses. Signal ratios were compared between disease groups and all controls with the Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed). The Holm-Bonferroni correction was applied to all p-values. ***: p ≤ 0.001, ****: p ≤ 0.0001. Data are presented as mean +/- SD.