Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants in the internal dataset and external validation datasets
| Cohorts | Pretrained dataset | Developmental dataset | Internal test set | ECHM External-1 | WTHM External-2 | NDSP External-3 | CUHK-STDR External-4 | PUDM External-5 | SEED External-6 | SiDRP External-7 | BJHC External-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of images | 717,308 | 68,760 | 7,640 | 8,564 | 3,884 | 4,776 | 1,182 | 1,228 | 6,676 | 12,818 | 3,340 |
| Number of participants | 179,327 | 17,190 | 1,910 | 2,141 | 971 | 1,194 | 337 | 307 | 1,699 | 3,284 | 835 |
| Race | |||||||||||
| Chinese, n (%) | 179,327 (100%) | 17,190 (100%) | 1,910 (100%) | 2,141 (100%) | 971 (100%) | 1,194 (100%) | 337 (100%) | 307 (100%) | 411 (24.19%) | 2,494 (75.94%) | 835 (100%) |
| Malay, n (%) | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | 532 (31.31%) | 518 (15.77%) | NAa |
| Indian, n (%) | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | 756 (44.50%) | 272 (8.28%) | NAa |
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Female, n (%) | 96,676 (53.91%) | 2,692 (15.66%) | 337 (17.62%) | 826 (38.58%) | 313 (32.23%) | 739 (61.89%) | 169 (50.15%) | 131 (42.67%) | 852 (50.15%) | 1,661 (50.58%) | 400 (47.90%) |
| Male, n (%) | 82,651 (46.09%) | 14,498 (84.34%) | 1,573 (82.38%) | 1,315 (61.42%) | 658 (67.77%) | 455 (38.11%) | 168 (49.85%) | 176 (57.33%) | 847 (49.85%) | 1,623 (49.42%) | 435 (52.10%) |
| Age (years) | 66.02 ± 8.47 | 58.23 ± 13.50 | 56.22 ± 12.14 | 57.00 ± 12.68 | 55.72 ± 11.60 | 62.04 ± 4.01 | 60.66 ± 12.45 | 52.09 ± 10.99 | 60.08 ± 9.40 | 58.14 ± 11.48 | 58.33 ± 12.44 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 19,249 (10.73%) | 4,255 (24.75%) | 470 (24.60%) | 277 (12.94%) | 215 (22.14%) | 207 (17.34%) | 83 (24.63%) | 122 (39.74%) | 484 (28.49%) | 63 (1.9%) | NAa |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.05 ± 3.11 | 25.96 ± 3.40 | 25.88 ± 3.41 | 26.23 ± 3.33 | 25.83 ± 3.54 | 25.93 ± 3.37 | 26.19 ± 4.84 | 25.38 ± 3.15 | 27.01 ± 4.67 | 27.96 ± 5.05 | 25.99 ± 3.62 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 141.78 ± 18.80 | 134.29 ± 17.43 | 134.06 ± 17.19 | 129.77 ± 15.72 | 133.32 ± 16.50 | 139.04 ± 16.77 | 139.42 ± 20.62 | 123.75 ± 15.41 | 142.84 ± 20.46 | 133.09 ± 15.84 | 127.29 ± 16.398 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.22 ± 1.24 | 6.95 ± 1.72 | 6.89 ± 1.67 | 7.05 ± 1.26 | 6.88 ± 1.59 | 6.76 ± 1.99 | 7.51 ± 1.34 | 7.40 ± 1.42 | 7.63 ± 1.61 | 6.72 ± 1.15 | NAa |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol l−1) | 7.66 ± 1.96 | 7.85 ± 2.18 | 7.83 ± 2.12 | 8.30 ± 2.11 | 7.59 ± 2.26 | 7.76 ± 1.97 | 7.76 ± 1.98 | 8.51 ± 2.67 | NAa | 7.51 ± 2.36 | 7.69 ± 2.22 |
| Random blood glucose (mmol l−1) | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | 9.85 ± 4.40 | NAa | NAa |
| Triglycerides (mmol l−1) | 1.64 ± 0.79 | 2.23 ± 2.07 | 2.18 ± 2.10 | 2.59 ± 2.42 | 2.28 ± 2.12 | 2.07 ± 1.86 | 1.47 ± 0.96 | 1.88 ± 2.19 | 2.06 ± 1.33 | 1.62 ± 1.02 | 1.90 ± 1.53 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 2.98 ± 0.88 | 3.09 ± 0.92 | 3.07 ± 0.91 | 3.08 ± 0.85 | 2.99 ± 0.92 | 3.25 ± 0.87 | 2.26 ± 0.72 | 2.67 ± 0.97 | 3.14 ± 0.96 | 2.68 ± 0.85 | 3.10 ± 0.93 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 1.31 ± 0.32 | 1.25 ± 0.33 | 1.25 ± 0.33 | 1.21 ± 0.32 | 1.20 ± 0.32 | 1.29 ± 0.33 | 1.35 ± 0.47 | 1.22 ± 0.40 | 1.13 ± 0.32 | 1.29 ± 0.34 | 1.20 ± 0.35 |
| Duration of diabetes mellitus (years) | NAa | 5.03 ± 5.15 | 4.98 ± 5.22 | 5.50 ± 5.85 | 4.67 ± 4.13 | 5.90 ± 4.82 | 11.92 ± 9.42 | 7.41 ± 6.84 | 6.75 ± 7.95 | 1.41 ± 1.49 | NAa |
| Eyes with DR progression, n (%) | NAa | 2,819 (8.20%) | 278 (7.28%) | 321 (7.50%) | 121 (6.23%) | 48 (2.01%) | 114 (16.91%) | 25 (4.07%) | 184 (5.41%) | 171 (2.60%) | 38 (2.28%) |
Data are the mean ± s.d. or number of individuals (%). aNA, not available.