Table 3. Mutations in previously uncharacterized genes that cause neural tube closure defects.

Mutant	Phenotype	Map position (Chr: cM)
open mind (opm)	Exencephaly; survive to the end of gestation	12: 17-18
F10	Exencephaly, incompletely penetrant dominant and penetrant recessive; survive to the end of gestation	8: 21-50*
F11	Exencephaly; survive to the end of gestation, rare escapers in outcrosses are small, with craniofacial defects	3: 22-35
97C2	Exencephaly and open caudal spinal cord; survive to the end of gestation	7: 2.5-8
G2-E	Exencephaly and open caudal spinal cord; survive to the end of gestation	4: 60-79
12A	Exencephaly; survive to the end of gestation	4: 49-57
31B	Exencephaly, small forebrain; die at e10	2: 77-82
7A5	Exencephaly, small forebrain; die at e10	5: 36
7A6	Exencephaly, small forebrain; die at e10	6: 38-60
lilR3	Exencephaly; die at e10	16: 27-32
33C	Exencephaly, abnormal brain morphology, die at e10-12	19: 24-26

^*Line lost due to incompletely penetrant dominant lethality.