TABLE 1.
Basic characteristics of included studies.
| Source | Country | Type of patient | Duration | Intervention | Control | Outcomes | Adverse event | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention method (dose) | Population (male) | Mean age | Intervention method (dose) | Population (male) | Mean age | ||||||
| Cantone et al. (2016) | Italy | CRSwNP | 3 months | Mometasone furoate nasal spray (200 μg, once daily) | 40 | 56.9 ± 5.6α | Mometasone furoate nasal spray (200 μg, once daily) | 40 | 56.8 ± 4.4α | Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, nasal endoscopy scoring, and quality of life | No adverse reactions |
| SH plus saline solution (9 mg, twice daily) | Saline solution (5 ml, twice daily) | ||||||||||
| Casale et al. (2014) | Italy | CRS | 3 months | SH plus saline solution (9 mg, twice/day) | 21 (13) | 44 (30–63)β | Saline solution (5 ml, twice/day) | 18 (10) | 38 (34–58)β | Rhinitis | No adverse reactions |
| Cassandro et al. (2015) | Italy | CRSwNP | 3 months | SH plus saline (9 mg, twice daily) | 20 (12) | 38.75 ± 13.08α | Saline (5 ml, twice daily) | 20 (11) | 38.6 ± 13.06α | Rhinitis, mucociliary clearance, nasal endoscopy scoring, and rhinomanometry | Headache, throat irritation, upper respiratory infection, epistaxis, and nasal burning |
| Mometasone furoate nasal spray (200 μg, twice daily) | 20 (12) | 38.85 ± 13.31α | Mometasone furoate nasal spray (200 μg, twice daily) | 20 (10) | 38.4 ± 12.7α | ||||||
| SH (9 mg, twice daily) | |||||||||||
| Ciofalo et al. (2017) | Italy | ARS | 30 days | Levofloxacin (500 mg, 10 days) | 24 (12) | 44 (38–50)* | Levofloxacin (500 mg, 10 days) | 24 (14) | 43 (35–55)* | Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, eosinophils, neutrophils, mucociliary clearance, and hyposmia | Not reported |
| Prednisone (50 mg, 8 days; 25 mg, 4 days; and 12.5 mg, 4 days) | Prednisone (50 mg, 8 days; 25 mg, 4 days; and 12.5 mg, 4 days) | ||||||||||
| SH plus saline solution (6 ml, twice daily) | Saline solution (6 ml, twice daily) | ||||||||||
| Ercan et al. (2022) | Turkey | AR in children | 28 days | Nasal fluticasone furoate (1 puff/nostril, once daily) | 26 (18) | 8.38 ± 1.89α | Nasal fluticasone furoate (1 puff/nostril, once daily) | 24 (12) | 8.5 ± 1.31α | Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, rhinitis, itching, sneezing, eosinophils, quality of life, and rhinomanometry | Nasal irritation and burning sensation |
| SH (twice daily) | Saline solution (twice daily) | ||||||||||
| Nasal fluticasone furoate (1 puff/nostril, once daily) | 26 (18) | 8.38 ± 1.89α | Nasal fluticasone furoate (1 puff/nostril, once daily) | 26 (18) | 8.69 ± 1.7α | ||||||
| SH (twice daily) | |||||||||||
| Favilli et al. (2019) | Italy | Pregnancy rhinitis | Until delivery | SH (9 mg/vial; 2 vials daily for 14 days, followed by 15 days of interruption of therapy; subsequently 1 vial daily for 10 and 15 days of interruption of therapy; and lastly 1 vial daily for 10 days) | 28 | 31.6 ± 5.5α | Did not receive any treatment | 27 | 28.1 ± 4.8α | Rhinorrhea | No adverse reactions |
| Gelardi et al. (2013a) | Italy | AR and vasomotor rhinitis | 30 days | Mometasone furoate nasal spray (50 μg/spray, 2 sprays/nostril once daily) | 39 (23) | 21–63β | Mometasone furoate nasal spray (50 μg/spray, 2 sprays/nostril once daily) | 39 (21) | 22–61β | Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, eosinophils, and neutrophils | Not reported |
| Desloratadine (5 mg, once daily) | Desloratadine (5 mg, once daily) | ||||||||||
| SH (9 mg, twice daily) | Sodium chloride (6 ml, twice daily) | ||||||||||
| Gelardi et al. (2016) | Italy | AR, NAR, and MR | 4 weeks | Intranasal mometasone furoate (1 puff/nostril, twice daily) | 48 | Not reported | Intranasal mometasone furoate (1 puff/nostril, twice daily) | 41 | Not reported | Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, itching, sneezing, and hyposmia | No adverse reactions |
| Rupatadine fumarate (1 tablet daily) | Rupatadine fumarate (1 tablet daily) | ||||||||||
| Isotonic saline solution (1 puff/nostril, twice daily) | Isotonic saline solution (1 puff/nostril, twice daily) | ||||||||||
| SH (1 cm per nostril in the afternoon) | |||||||||||
| Ocak et al. (2021) | Turkey | AR | 30 days | Triamcinolone acetonide sprays (256 μg/day, 1 puff/nostril, once daily) | 32 (14) | 34 (18–68) β | Triamcinolone acetonide sprays (256 μg daily, 1 puff/nostril, once daily) | 33 (13) | 36 (18–61) β | Mucociliary clearance | No adverse reactions |
| Desloratadine (5 mg, once daily) | Desloratadine (5 mg, once daily) | ||||||||||
| SH (9 mg, twice daily) | Isotonic saline (9 mg, twice daily) | ||||||||||
| Savietto et al. (2020) | Italy | CRSsNP | 30 days | SH (5 mg, twice daily) | 15 | Not reported | Isotonic saline solution (5 mg, twice daily) | 15 | Not reported | Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, eosinophils, neutrophils, nasal endoscopy scoring, quality of life, and hyposmia | No adverse reactions |
| Thieme et al. (2020) | Germany | Dry nose symptoms | 4 weeks | SH (1–2 sprays/nostril)/Hyaluronic acid plus dexpanthenol (1–2 sprays/nostril) | 79 (41)/80 (25) | 54.15 ± 17.03α/50.60 ± 18.98α | Isotonic saline (1–2 sprays/nostril) | 80 (31) | 50.27 ± 19.7α | Nasal Congestion, Rhinorrhea, Rhinitis, Itching, Sneezing, Hyposmia | Cephalgia |
CRS, chronic rhinosinusitis; CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis; CRSsNP, chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis; ARS, acute rhinosinusitis; NAR, non-allergic rhinitis; MR, mixed rhinitis; SH, sodium hyaluronate; α, mean age ± SD; β, mean age (range); *, median (IQR).