Table 3.
Summary of biofluid metabolomic biomarkers for typing, grading and staging in cancer.
| Application | Disease | Sample | Subjects | Metabolites | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Typing | Lung cancer | Plasma/serum | Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma SCLC |
Palmitic acid, heptadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, acylcarnitine C8:1, ornithine | (62) |
| Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma |
Kynurenine-tryptophan ratio | (141) | |||
| Primary lung cancer Pulmonary metastatic carcinoma |
L-octanoylcarnitine, retinol, decanoylcarnitine | (142) | |||
| Pleural effusion | Lung cancer with EGFR mutation Lung cancer without EGFR mutation |
Butanoic acid, (tetrahydro-2-furanyl) methyl ester, 1-hexene, 3,4-dimethyl-, 2-undecen-4-ol (Receiver operating characteristic analysis) 2-undecen-4-ol, 2H-tetrazole, 2-methyl-, 2-propanol, 1-chloro-3-propoxy-,4H-1,2,4-Triazol-4-amine, cyclobutylamine, butanoic acid, (tetrahydro-2-furanyl) methyl ester hexane, 2,3,5-trimethyl-,1H-Tetrazole-1-ethanol, cyclopropene, allyl acetate (Bootstrapped t-test) |
(143) | ||
| Brain tumors | Cerebrospinal fluid | PCNSL SCNSL MBT |
Inositol phosphate, homocysteine, valyl-methionine, 5-aminoimidazole (PCNSL versus SCNSL) Butyrylcarnitine, 3-dehydrocarnitine,2-furoylglycine, hypotaurine, L-glutamic, N-butyrylglycine, pyruvic acid, citric acid, phytosphingosine etc. (PCNSL versus MBT) 1-methyladenosine, citric acid, valyl-methionine, L-glutamic, hypotaurine (SCNSL versus. MBT) |
(144) | |
| Ovarian cancer | Serum | Serous cystadenocarcinoma Non-serous serous carcinoma |
Phosphatidic acid (38:4), sphingosine-1-phosphate (t16:1), N-arachidonoyl taurine (C20:4), aldosterone, lysophosphatidylinositol(O-32:1),18-hydroxycorticosterone, stearidonic acid, tetradecanoylcarnitine, choladien-24-oic acid, hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid, monoacylglycerol (18:2), kynurenine |
(145) | |
| Grading | Bladder cancer | Serum | High grade Low grade |
Leucine, histidine, alanine, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, tyrosine | (146) |
| Meningioma | Plasma | High grade Low grade |
Arginyl-Proline, PS (44:6), 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide (42:2), PS (36:5), CER (40:1) | (147) | |
| Staging | Lung cancer | Plasma | Early stage (stage I/II) Advanced stage (stage III/IV) |
Palmitic acid, heptadecanoic acid, ornithine, tridecanoic acid, stearic acid | (62) |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | Plasma | Early stage (stage I/II/III) Advanced stage (stage IV) |
D-phenylalanine, phenylacetic acid, o-phosphoethanolamine, dehydroepiandrosterone, uric acid, α-D-glucose, D-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate, xanthosine, allocholic acid, 5-aminopentanoic acid, D-fructose |
(148) | |
| Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Plasma/serum | Stage Tis Stage I-II Stage III-IV |
Indoleacrylic acid, LPC (20:5), LPE (20:4) | (59) | |
| Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Plasma/serum | Stage I–IIA Stage IIB–IV |
Hyodeoxycholic acid, (2S,3S)-3, methylphenylalanine, carnitine C9:1, indole-3-carboxylic acid | (149) | |
| Colorectal cancer | Plasma/serum | Stage I–II Stage III–IV |
Glycerophospholipids, SM C18:0, citrullin | (150) | |
| Advanced stage (stage III/IV) | Hydroquinone, leucenol and sphingomyelin | (151) | |||
| Bladder cancer | Serum | Stage Ta/T1 Stage T2 |
Histidine, alanine, tryptophan, glutamine, glycine, methylhistidine, choline, isobutyrate, threonine | (146) | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Urine | Stage I–II Stage III–IV |
l-kynurenine, l-glutamine, fructose 6-phosphate, butyrylcarnitine | (22) | |
| Prostate cancer | Serum and urine | Advanced stage (stage T2/T3) | Citric acid | (152) |
EGFR, epithelial growth factor receptor; SCLC, small cell lung cancer, epithelial growth factor receptor; PCNSL, primary central nervous system lymphoma; SCNSL, secondary central nervous system involvement of systemic lymphoma; MBT, lung adenocarcinoma with brain metastases; PS, phosphatidylserine; CER, ceramide; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; Tis, tumor in sit; SM, sphingomyelin.