Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants stratified by depressive symptoms.
| Characteristics | Total | Depression | χ2/t | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 11,025 | No | Yes | |||
| Age group | 68.849 | <0.001 | |||
| 65–79 | 4,441(40.3) | 3,415(42.7) | 1,026(34.0) | ||
| 80–99 | 3,068(27.8) | 2,129(26.6) | 939(31.1) | ||
| 90–99 | 2,225(20.2) | 1,557(19.4) | 668(22.1) | ||
| ≥100 | 1,291(11.7) | 905(11.3) | 386(12.8) | ||
| Sex | 106.181 | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 5,137(46.6) | 3,971(49.6) | 1,166(38.6) | ||
| Female | 5,888(53.4) | 4,035(50.4) | 1853(61.4) | ||
| Residence | |||||
| City | 2,613(23.7) | 2029(25.3) | 584(19.3) | 47.337 | <0.001 |
| Town | 3,624(32.9) | 2,536(31.7) | 1,088(36.0) | ||
| Rural | 4,788(43.4) | 3,441(43.0) | 1,347(44.6) | ||
| Ethnic | 0.446 | 0.504 | |||
| Han | 9,001(94.7) | 6,537(94.8) | 2,464(94.5) | ||
| Minoritiesa | 501(5.3) | 357(5.2) | 144(5.5) | ||
| Living arrangement | 74.058 | <0.001 | |||
| With household member(s) | 8,698(79.8) | 6,479(81.8) | 2,219(74.5) | ||
| Alone | 1832(16.8) | 1,208(15.3) | 624(20.9) | ||
| In an institution | 366(3.4) | 230(2.9) | 136(4.6) | ||
| Education level | 154.993 | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 4,140(43.9) | 2,755(40.1) | 1,385(54.0) | ||
| 1–6 | 3,253(34.5) | 2,478(36.1) | 775(30.2) | ||
| ≥7 | 2038(21.6) | 1,632(23.8) | 406(15.8) | ||
| Marital status | 99.017 | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 4,901(44.9) | 3,794(47.8) | 1,107(37.1) | ||
| Otherb | 6,023(55.1) | 4,149(52.2) | 1874(62.9) | ||
| Annual income | 116.163 | <0.001 | |||
| <10,000 | 3,339(32.9) | 2,214(29.9) | 1,125(40.9) | ||
| 10,001–50,000 | 3,418(33.7) | 2,560(34.6) | 858(31.2) | ||
| >50,000 | 3,394(33.4) | 2,629(35.5) | 765(27.8) | ||
| Occupation | 44.167 | <0.001 | |||
| Peasants | 5,595(59.5) | 3,928(57.5) | 1,667(65.0) | ||
| Othersc | 3,801(40.5) | 2,905(42.5) | 896(35.0) | ||
| Current smoker | 24.955 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1779(16.3) | 1,378(17.4) | 401(13.4) | ||
| No | 9,148(83.7) | 6,558(82.6) | 2,590(86.6) | ||
| Current drinker | 56.758 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1,674(15.4) | 1,342(17.0) | 332(11.1) | ||
| No | 9,211(84.6) | 6,562(83.0) | 2,649(88.9) | ||
| Exercise | 262.765 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 3,782(34.7) | 3,108(39.2) | 674(22.6) | ||
| No | 7,118(65.3) | 4,815(60.8) | 2,303(77.4) | ||
| Sleep duration | 329.874 | <0.001 | |||
| <5 h | 907(8.3) | 431(5.4) | 476(15.9) | ||
| 5-9 h | 8,123(74.2) | 6,014(75.6) | 2,109(70.4) | ||
| >9 h | 1918(17.5) | 1,507(19.0) | 411(13.7) | ||
| Chronic diseasesd | 33.824 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 5,231(58.3) | 3,732(56.5) | 1,499(63.4) | ||
| No | 3,742(41.7) | 2,875(43.5) | 867(36.6) | ||
| BADL limitation | 116.598 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1992(18.1) | 1,252(15.6) | 740(24.5) | ||
| No | 9,033 (81.9) | 6,754(84.4) | 2,279(75.5) | ||
| IADL limitation | 322.693 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 6,722(61.0) | 4,471(55.8) | 2,251(74.6) | ||
| No | 4,303(39.0) | 3,535(44.2) | 768(25.4) | ||
| Cognitive impairment | 161.566 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1,168(10.6) | 665(8.3) | 503(16.7) | ||
| No | 9,857(89.4) | 7,341(91.7) | 2,516(83.3) | ||
| CES-D-10 score | 7.39 ± 4.46 | 5.23 ± 2.50 | 13.14 ± 3.25 | −121.179 | <0.001 |
a
includes Hui, Zhuang, Yao, Korean, Man, Mongolia, and others.
b
includes separated, divorced, widowed, and never married.
c
includes professional and technical personnel, governmental, institutional or managerial personnel, commercial, service or industrial worker, self-employed, houseworker, military personnel, never worked, and others.
d
includes hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and cancer.