Table 2.
Summary of population characteristics and assessment tools
| Author(s) | Years | Population | Criteria for hypertension | Measurement devices | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy control | Experimental study group | ||||
| Cunha et al. [34] | 1997 | – | n = 80 (51 men); age: 49 ± 11 years; untreated, essential hypertension | SBP > 140 mm Hg and/or DBP > 90 mm Hg via sphygmomanometer measurements during 5 different consultations (in 2 months) |
1. Finger plethysmograph: SBP, DBP, RRI 2. Transcutaneous doppler flow: cf-PWV |
| Kosch et al. [35] | 1999 | n = 15 (7 men); age: 42 ± 2 years | n = 15 (7 men); age: 45 ± 3 years; untreated, essential hypertension | DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg measured in sitting position on 3 different occasions |
1. Pneumotrace: ECG and respiration 2. Doppler ultrasound: end diastolic and systolic diameter of the carotid and brachial artery |
| Lantelme et al. [36] | 2002 | – | n = 271 (148 men); age: 53.4 ± 12.5 years; untreated (n = 139) and treated (n = 132) hypertension | – |
1. Finapres®: SBP, DBP 2. Standard bipolar ECG: RRI 3. Complior, and self-made device: cf-PWV |
| Tsai et al. [37] | 2003 | n = 19 (8 men); age: 40.5 ± 12.9 years | n = 23 (9 men); age: 44.4 ± 10.9 years; untreated, essential hypertension | SBP: 130–159 mmHg and/or DBP: 85–99 mmHg |
1. Radial artery tonometry: SBP, DBP, MAP 2. Applanation tonometer: central aortic wave 3. Impedance cardiography: SV and TPR 4. ECG: HR |
| Siegelova et al. [38] | 2004 | – | n = 30 (all men); treated, essential hypertension | – |
1. Finapres®: SBP, DBP, RRI 2. Doppler echocardiography: carotid IMT |
| Chan et al. [42] | 2005 | – |
n = 10 (5 men); Age: 42 ± 4 years; treated hypertension with ESRD |
– |
1. Finapres®: SBP, DBP, RRI 2. B-mode ultrasonography: carotid IMT |
| Labrova et al. [39] | 2005 | n = 23 (7 men); age: 44.5 ± 8.1 years |
n = 25 (11 men); age: 47.4 ± 9.2 years; treated, essential hypertension |
SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg |
1. Finapres®: SBP, DBP, RRI 2. B-mode ultrasonography: carotid IMT |
| Labrova et al. [41] | 2005 | n = 23 (7 men); age: 43.5 ± 8.1 years |
n = 25 (11 men); age: 47.4 ± 9.2 years; treated, essential hypertension |
SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg |
1. Finapres®: SBP, DBP, RRI 2. B-mode ultrasonography: carotid IMT |
| Novakova et al. [40] | 2005 | n = 15 (6 men); age: 44 ± 9 years |
n = 25 (10 men); age: 49 ± 10 years; treated, essential hypertension |
SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg |
1. Finapres®: SBP, DBP, RRI 2. B-mode ultrasonography: carotid IMT |
| Honzikova et al. [43] | 2006 | n = 23; age: 44.1 ± 8.1 years |
n = 27; age: 47.2 ± 8.7 years; treated, essential hypertension |
– |
1. Finapres®: SBP, DBP, RRI 2. B-mode ultrasonography: carotid IMT |
| Michas et al. [44] | 2012 | n = 34 (35.3% men); age: 50 ± 12 years |
n = 126 (49.2% men); age: 53 ± 9 years; untreated, essential hypertension |
SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg |
1. ECG: RRI 2. Finometer®: SBP, DBP 3. Complior: cf-PWV |
| Celovska et al. [45] | 2012 | – |
n = 26 (15 men); treated hypertension with history of ischemic stroke age: 66 ± 10 years n = 30 (17 men); treated essential hypertension (without stroke) age: 65 ± 6 years |
– |
1. Collin® CBM-700 monitor: SBP, DBP, RRI 2. Duplex ultrasonography: common carotid and carotid bulb IMT |
| Tikkakoski et al. [46] | 2013 | n = 232 (38% men); age: 42 ± 12 years | n = 155 (55% men); age: 49 ± 11 years; untreated, essential hypertension | supine laboratory BP ≥ 135/85 mmHg |
1. Radial artery tonometer: SBP, DBP, MAP 2. SphygmoCor® pulse wave analysis system: central aortic wave (aortic PP, AIx) 3. Whole body impedance cardiography device: HR, SV, CO, PWV |
| Okada et al. [47] | 2013 | n = 30 (15 men); age: 68 ± 1 year | n = 40 (20 men); age: 68 ± 1 year; untreated, essential hypertension ; *antihypertensive drugs stopped for 2 weeks prior for treated patients | awake 24 h ambulatory SBP: 135–159 and/or awake 24 h ambulatory DBP: 85–99 mmHg |
1. Finger plethysmograph: SBP, DBP, MAP 2. ECG: HR 3. SphygmoCor®: cfPWV |
| Manios et al. [48] | 2014 | n = 40 (30% men); age: 54 ± 11 years |
n = 45 (53% men); age: 54 ± 9 years; untreated, essential hypertension |
24-h BP ≥ 130/80 mmHg |
1. Finometer: SBP, DBP 2. Ultrasound: carotid IMT |
| Xia et al. [20] | 2017 | n = 80 (44 men); age: 49.5 ± 11.5 years |
n = 81 (42 men); age: 56.7 ± 10.1 years; hypertension |
SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg | Finometer: SBP, DBP, ECG, SV |
| Celovska et al. [49] | 2017 | – |
n = 20 (10 men); high normal BP (untreated, prehypertension); age: 59 ± 8 years n = 20 (10 men) essential, treated hypertension age: 61 ± 13 years |
high normal BP range: 130–139/85–89 mmHg; Hypertension: BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg |
1. Collin® CBM-700 monitor: SBP, DBP, RRI 2. Duplex ultrasonography: common carotid and carotid bulb IMT |
| Koletsos et al. [50] | 2019 | n = 28 (57.1% men); age: 43.8 ± 13.0 years |
n = 31 (51.6% men); age: 47.6 ± 7.0 year; untreated, newly diagnosed essential hypertension n = 27 (59.3 men); age: 47.5 ± 11.6 years; masked hypertensives |
Office BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg and daytime ABPM ≥ 135/85 mmHg |
1. Finapres®: SBP, DBP, HR 2. Ultrasound: carotid IMT 3. SphygmoCor®: cf-PWV, AIx |
| Jiang et al. [51] | 2022 | n = 153 (79 men); age: 69.8 ± 8 years | n = 247 (142 men); age: 72.2 ± 8.2 years; treated hypertension | SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg |
1. Finapres® PRO: SBP, DBP 2. Omron®: brachial–ankle PWV (baPWV) |
AIx augmentation index, ba-PWV brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, cf-PWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, CO cardiac output, DBP diastolic blood pressure, ESRD end-stage renal disease, HR heart rate, IMT intima–media thickness, MAP mean arterial pressure, PP pulse pressure, RRIR-R interval, SBP systolic blood pressure, SV stroke volume, TPR total peripheral resistance