Table 9.

BPV measures and arterial stiffness parameters

Author (s)	Years	Parameters Involved		Experiment Protocol		Association between BPV measure and arterial stiffness parameter	Other findings
		Quantitative BPV measure	Arterial stiffness	Quantitative BPV measure	Arterial stiffness
Novakova et al. [40]	2005	Spectral power density at 0.1Hz, SD	Carotid IMT	Continuous measurements of RRI, beat-to-beat SBP and DBP in the sitting position at rest during a 5 min period metronome-controlled breathing 0.33 Hz	B-mode ultrasonography was performed in the supine position on both the right and left common carotid artery Average carotid IMT was determined from 5 measurements	No significant association	Greater IMT and decreased DBP (relative unit) at 0.1 Hz in hypertensive patients compared to normotensive subjects (both measurements in a period of 1 year, 2004–2005)
Labrova et al. [41]	2005	Spectral power density at 0.1Hz, SD	Carotid IMT	Continuous measurements of RRI, beat-to-beat SBP and DBP in the sitting position at rest during a 5-min period metronome-controlled breathing 0.33 Hz	B-mode ultrasonography was performed in the supine position on both the right and left common carotid artery Average carotid IMT was determined from 5 measurements	No significant association	Greater IMT and decreased SBP (relative 0.1Hz power) and DBP (relative 0.1Hz power) in hypertensive patients compared to normotensive subject
Manios et al. [48]	2014	SD, TR	Carotid IMT	Continuous measurements of SBP and DBP for three sequential periods of 5 min each (10 am–12 pm) Spontaneous breathing	mean of the right and left IMT of the common carotid artery, calculated from 10 measurements on each side, taken 10 mm proximal to the carotid bifurcation	Significant positive correlation between carotid IMT and TR of beat-to-beat SBP variation in hypertensive patients	–
Xia et al. [20]	2017	SD, ARV, RSD, VIM	TAC	Continuous measurements of BP, ECG and SV in the supine position for 10 min Spontaneous breathing	SV/PP	SD, ARV, RSD, VIM of SBPV and DBPV were negatively correlated with TAC in hypertensive population Significant negative correlation between VIM of beat-to-beat SBP and TAC independent of SBP, DBP, age and BMI	Higher SBP, PP and SBPV, but reduced TAC and SV in hypertensive population as compared to the normotensive population. HR, DBP and DBPV indices were not significantly different between the 2 groups
Jiang et al. [51]	2022	CV, multiscale entropy	ba-PWV	Continuous measurements of SBP and DBP in the supine position for 10–15 min Spontaneous breathing	left- and right-side brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity	Significant negative correlation between BP complexity and ba-PWV in hypertensives	Within the hypertensive group, those with a longer duration of hypertension had significantly lower SBP and DBP complexity

abs absolute unit, AIx augmentation index, ARV average real variability, ba-PWV brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, BP blood pressure, cf-PWV PWV between carotid and femoral arteries, CV coefficient of variation, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DBPV diastolic blood pressure variability, DC distensibility coefficient, HR heart rate, IMT intima–media thickness, MAP mean arterial pressure, PP pulse pressure, PWV pulse wave velocity, rel relative unit, RRI RR-intervals, RSD residual standard deviation, SBP systolic blood pressure, SBPV systolic blood pressure variability, SD standard deviation, SV stroke volume, TAC total arterial compliance (SV/PP), TPR total peripheral resistance, TR time-rate (first derivative of the BP values against time), VIM variation independent of mean