Table 1.
Key Characteristics of Included Articles
| Author (year) | Study setting | Stage of menopause reported | Sample size | Racial and ethnic groups included | Study design | Mental illness or symptoms reported | Menopause symptoms reported | Were race and ethnicity included in analysis? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freeman et al. (2005)39 | Pennsylvania | Stage of Reproductive Aging Workshop criteria (STRAW) | N = 436 | African American, White | Cohort study—Penn Ovarian Aging Study (POAS) | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes | Yes |
| Schnatz et al. (2005)12 | Connecticut | Perimenopausal, Early postmenopausal | N = 80 | Hispanic, Non-Hispanic (White, African American, Asian, Other) | Cross-sectional study | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | No |
| Suau et al. (2005)27 | Puerto Rico | Menopausal, Premenopausal | N = 64 | Hispanic (Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, South American, Central American) | Cross-sectional study | Depressive symptoms | Not reported | Not applicable |
| Xu et al. (2005)28 | Michigan | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 342 | White, African American, Other, Not Reported | Cross-sectional study | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms, Irritability | Hot flashes, Night sweats, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness | Yes |
| Freeman et al. (2006)13 | Pennsylvania | STRAW criteria | N = 231 | African American, White | Cohort study—POAS | Depression, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Sleep quality, Insomnia | No |
| Kravitz et al. (2006)40 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 1,538 | African American, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese | Cohort study—Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN) | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Sajatovic et al. (2006)29 | USA, Not Specified | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal | N = 91 | African American, White, Other | Cross-sectional study | Bipolar disorder, Depression, Schizophrenia | Vasomotor, Psychosocial, Physical, Sexual | Yes |
| Wang (2006)30 | Florida | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 333 | Hispanic, White non-Hispanic | Cross-sectional study | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms, Irritability | Hot flashes, Night sweats, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Bromberger et al. (2007)41 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 3,302 | African American, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese, White | Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Freeman et al. (2007)42 | Pennsylvania | STRAW criteria | N = 404 | African American, White | Cohort study—POAS | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Gallicchio et al. (2007)31 | Maryland | Perimenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 634 | Black, White, Other | Cross-sectional study | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Haren et al. (2007)24 | Missouri | Perimenopausal or Premenopausal, Postmenopausal | N = 244 | Black or African American | Cross-sectional study | Depressive symptoms | Not reported | Not applicable |
| Matthews et al. (2007)43 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal, surgical menopause, indeterminant | N = 3239 | African American, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese, White |
Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms | Not reported | Yes |
| Torigoe and Brown (2007)26 | Hawaii | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 74 | Other: multiethnic | Cross-sectional—Hilo Women's Health Study | Other: mood; perceived stress | Hot flashes | Not applicable |
| Woods et al. (2007)14 | Washington | Menopause Transition, Middle and Late perimenopausal, Postmenopausal | N = 41 | African American Asian/Pacific Islander, White, Other: Hispanic, mixed | Cohort study—Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study (SMWHS) | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | No |
| Goldbacher (2007)44 | Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Postmenopausal included hysterectomy, oophorectomy | N = 421 | Black, White | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depression | Not Reported | Yes |
| Nelson et al. (2008)45 | Pennsylvania | Menopause transition, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 436 | African American, Non-Hispanic White | Cohort study—Women living in Philadelphia | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Pien et al. (2008)46 | Pennsylvania | Menopause Transition, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 436 | African American, White | Cohort study—POAS | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Thurston et al. (2008)47 | Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal, indeterminant | N = 332 | African American, White | Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms, Other: Childhood trauma | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Thurston et al. (2008)48 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal, indeterminant | N = 1042 | African American, White, Chinese, Japanese | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms, Irritability | Hot flashes, Night sweats, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Woods et al. (2008)15 | Washington | Menopause Transition, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 302 | African American Asian/Pacific Islander, White, Other: Hispanic, mixed | Cohort study—SMWHS | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes | No |
| Avis et al. (2009)49 | United States not specified | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Surgical menopause at follow-up were not included in analysis | N = 2943 | Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, Chinese, Japanese | Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms, Other: Stress | Hot flashes, Night sweats, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia, Other: Leaking urine | Yes |
| Bromberger et al. (2009)50 | Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 266 | African American, White | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depression | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Woods et al. (2009)16 | Washington | Menopause Transition, Early Postmenopausal, Late reproductive, menopausal transition stages—early and late | N = 418 | African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, White, Other: Hispanic, mixed | Cohort study—SMWHS | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes | No |
| Bromberger et al. (2010)51 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 3296 | African American, White, Chinese, Japanese, Hispanic | Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Green et al. (2010)52 | New Jersey | Premenopausal, Perimenopausal, and Postmenopausal | N = 419 | Hispanic, White | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms | Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Greendale et al. (2010)53 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 1903 | African American, Caucasian, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms, Irritability | Hot flashes, Night sweats, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Kornstein et al. (2010)32 | 41 primary or psychiatric care settings across the United States | Premenopausal, Perimenopausal Early Postmenopausal | N = 2652 | Race: Black, White, Ethnicity: Hispanic, Not Hispanic | Cross-sectional study—secondary analysis of Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) | Depression, Depressive symptoms, Comorbidity: Anxiety, PTSD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, somatoform, hypochondriasis, bulimia, and drug and alcohol abuse | Not reported | Yes |
| Matthews et al. (2010)54 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Hysterectomy, status unknown | N = 1781 | African American, White, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese | Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms | Sleep problems | Yes |
| Rebbeck et al. (2010)55 | Pennsylvania | Menopause Transition, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 436 | African American, White | Cohort study—POAS | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes | Yes |
| Schnatz et al. (2010)56 | Connecticut | Perimenopausal, Postmenopausal | N = 102 | Hispanic, Non-Hispanic, Ethnicity not reported | Cohort study—Women's Life Center at Hartford Hospital | Anxiety, Depression | Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Seritan et al. (2010)33 | California | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 487 | African American, White, Asian, Hispanic | Cross-sectional study | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Wheatley (2009)17 | Florida | Perimenopausal, Postmenopausal | N = 206 | African American | Cross-sectional study | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | No |
| Bromberger et al. (2011)57 | Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Menopause Transition, Early Postmenopausal Premenopausal | N = 221 | African American, Caucasian | Cohort study—SWAN | Depression, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Kravitz et al. (2011)58 | California, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal | N = 343 | African American, Caucasian, or White, Chinese | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Morrison et al. (2011)59 | Pennsylvania | STRAW criteria | N = 436 | African American, White | Cohort study—POAS | Depression, Depressive symptoms | Not reported | Yes |
| Woods et al. (2011)18 | Washington | Menopause Transition, Early Postmenopausal | N = 184 | African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, White, Other: Hispanic, mixed | Cohort study—SMWHS | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, sleep quality, Insomnia | No |
| Bromberger et al. (2012)60 | Illinois, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal Premenopausal | N = 934 | African American, Hispanic, White, | Cohort study—SWAN | Depression, Other: Premenstrual symptoms (mood) | Not reported | Yes |
| Gibson et al. (2012)61 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal Premenopausal, hysterectomy with ovarian conservation, reported hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy | N = 1970 | African American, Hispanic, Asian, White | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms | Not reported | Yes |
| Brandon et al. (2013)19 | Texas, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal Premenopausal, surgical menopause | N = 355 | White, Black, Hispanic, Other | Nonrandomized Clinical Trial | Depression, Depressive symptoms | Not reported | No |
| Bromberger et al. (2013)62 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal, postmenopausal, and hormone therapy | N = 2956 | African American, White, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Greenblum et al. (2013)20 | Florida | Menopause Transition, Early Postmenopausal | N = 112 | White, Hispanic, African American, Asian | Cross-sectional study | Anxiety, Irritability | Hot flashes, night sweats, sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, sleep quality, Insomnia | No |
| Kornstein et al. (2013)21 | 41 primary or psychiatric care settings across the United States | Premenopausal, Perimenopausal, Postmenopausal | N = 1883 | Race: Black, White, Ethnicity: Hispanic, Not Hispanic |
Clinical trial—secondary analysis of STAR*D | Depression, Depressive symptoms | Not reported | No |
| Appelhans et al. (2014)63 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal, undetermined, and surgical menopause | N = 3220 | African American, White, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese |
Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms | Not reported | Yes |
| Colvin et al. (2014)64 | Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 303 | African American, White | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depression | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Kravitz et al. (2014)65 | Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 425 | Black, White |
Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depression, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Richard et al. (2014)34 | USA Not Specified | Perimenopausal | N = 193 | White, Black, Mexican American, Other | Cross-sectional study—National Health and Nutrition Survey | Depressive symptoms | Not reported | Yes |
| Avis et al. (2015)66 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 1,449 | African American, White, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese | Cohort study—SWAN | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms, Other: Perceived stress | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Dugan et al. (2015)67 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal | N = 2,891 | African American, White, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese | Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Im et al. (2015)35 | United States Not specified | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 542 | African American, White, Hispanic, Asian | Cross-sectional study—secondary analysis of a large internet survey study | Depressive symptoms | Not reported | Yes |
| Prairie et al. (2015)68 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal, surgical postmenopausal, undeterminable | N = 1716 | African American, White, Chinese, Japanese, Hispanic | Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms | Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Freeman et al. (2016)69 | Pennsylvania | Straw criteria | N = 436 | African American, Black, Caribbean, Continental African, White, Non-Hispanic | Cohort study—POAS | Anxiety, Depression, Irritability, Mood deterioration | Hot flashes, Night sweat, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Keshishian et al. (2016)22 | United States Not specified | Menopause symptoms diagnosis and/or hormone therapy claim, No menopause symptoms and/or a hormone therapy claim | N = 142,152 | Black, White, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Other | Cross-sectional study—U.S. national database | Anxiety, Depression | Sleep quality, Insomnia | No |
| Colvin et al. (2017)70 | Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 303 | African American, Black, Caribbean, Continental African, White, Non-Hispanic | Cohort study—SWAN | Depression | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Marsh et al. (2017)71 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Menopause Transition, Early Postmenopausal | N = 1,306 | African American, White, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese | Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Gordon et al. (2018)76 | North Carolina | STRAW criteria | N = 172 | African American, White | Randomized Clinical Trial | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats | Yes |
| Bromberger et al. (2019)72 | California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Perimenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 3,300 | White, Black, Japanese, Chinese Hispanic | Cohort study—SWAN | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Night sweats, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Gibson et al. (2019)73 | California | Perimenopausal, Menopause Transition, Postmenopausal, hormone therapy |
N = 2,016 | White, Black or African American, Latina or Hispanic | Cohort study—Reproductive Risks of Incontinence Study at Kaiser | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms, PTSD | Hot flashes, Night sweats, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Dickins et al. (2020)23 | Massachusetts | Perimenopausal | N = 33 | Black or African American, White, American Indian, More than one race, Hispanic | Cross-sectional study—Secondary data analysis of a study of menopause and health symptoms in women with and without HIV | Anxiety, Depression | Sleep quality, Insomnia | No |
| Im et al. (2020)36 | USA Not Specified | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 1,054 | African American, White, Hispanic, Asian | Cross-sectional study—Secondary analysis of two larger internet survey studies | Depressive symptoms | Sleep quality, Insomnia | Yes |
| Jones et al. (2020)74 | California | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal, Premenopausal | N = 264 | African American, Latina, White | Cohort study—Midlife Women's Health Study | Depressive symptoms | Hours of sleep (self-reported) | Yes |
| Still et al. (2020)25 | Midwest, USA | Perimenopausal, Menopausal | N = 184 | African American, Black, Caribbean, Continental African | Cross-sectional study—Secondary analysis of a large multisite study | Depression | Hot flashes, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness, Sleep quality, Insomnia | Not applicable |
| De Mello et al. (2021)37 | Arizona | Perimenopausal, Early Postmenopausal | N = 255 | African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, Other | Cross-sectional study | Anxiety, Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness | Yes |
| de Wit et al. (2021)75 | Massachusetts | STRAW criteria | N = 50 | Black, White, Native American, Asian | 8-week Observational study | Depressive symptoms, Irritability | Vasomotor symptom frequency | Yes |
| Ji et al. (2021)38 | Texas | Menopausal | N = 384 | Black, White, Hispanic | Cross-sectional study—Secondary analysis of the Dallas Heart Study | Depressive symptoms | Hot flashes, Sexual dysfunction, Vaginal dryness | Yes |