Table 1.
Demographic and clinical profile of study participants
| Variable | All patients (n = 54) | Patients with 2 stool samples (n = 13) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± s.d., years) | 64.6 ± 15.3 | 66.6 ± 15.7 |
| Biological sex | ||
| Male (n, %) | 33 (61.1) | 7 (54%) |
| Female (n, %) | 21 (38.9) | 6 (46%) |
| BMI (mean ± s.d., kg/m2) | 34.9 ± 13.0 | 36.8 ± 17.2 |
| Race | ||
| White (n, %) | 53 (98.1) | 12 (92%) |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native (n, %) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (8%) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Coronary artery disease (n) | 11 | 3 |
| Peripheral vascular/arterial disease (n) | 5 | 1 |
| Atrial fibrillation (n) | 14 | 4 |
| Heart failure (n) | 24 | 5 |
| Deep venous thrombosis (n) | 5 | 2 |
| Diabetes (n) | 26 | 9 |
| Hypothyroidism (n) | 6 | 3 |
| Chronic kidney disease (n) | 14 | 3 |
| Hypertension (n) | 22 | 7 |
| Reflux (n) | 5 | 2 |
| Asthma (n) | 2 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n) | 14 | 1 |
| Interstitial lung disease (n) | 5 | 1 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea (n) | 12 | 3 |
| Cirrhosis (n) | 6 | 1 |
| Crohn's disease (n) | 1 | |
| Chronic pancreatitis (n) | 1 | |
| History of any cancer (n) | 9 | |
| Arthritis (n) | 1 | |
| Parkinson’s disease (n) | 1 | 1 |
| Epilepsy (n) | 2 | 2 |
| Cognitive impairment (n) | 3 | 1 |
| History of stroke (n) | 4 | 2 |
| Pressure ulcer/osteomyelitis (n) | 4 | 1 |
| Neurogenic bladder (n) | 2 | |
| Active smoking (n) | 12 | 3 |
| Alcohol abuse (n) | 7 | 1 |
| Active drug use (n) | 5 | |
| Surgical history | ||
| Splenectomy (n) | 1 | |
| Polypectomy (n) | 2 | 1 |
| Variceal banding/clipping (n) | 3 | |
| Bariatric surgery (n) | 1 | |
| Cholecystectomy (n) | 1 | |
| Cystoscopy with stenting (n) | 3 | |
| Arthroplasty (n) | 3 | 1 |
| Subtotal colectomy/colostomy/ileostomy (n) | 4 | |
| Lumbar spine fusion (n) | 2 | 1 |
| Toe or below the knee amputation (n) | 4 | 2 |
| Ureteral stenting (n) | 1 | |
| Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator/pacemaker (n) | 6 | 1 |
| Coronary artery bypass/cardiac catherization (n) | 8 | 2 |
| Carotid endarterectomy (n) | 2 | 1 |
| Cataract surgery (n) | 5 | |
| Apachea score (mean ± s.d.) | 39.8 ± 22.0 | 52.1 ± 24.9 |
| MICU_LOSb (median days, Q1, Q3) | 6 (3, 10) | 17.5 (10.5, 22.5) |
| Hospital_LOSc (median days, Q1, Q3) | 11 (6, 23) | 23 (20, 46) |
| Reason for ICU admission | ||
| Pneumonia, non-COVID (n) | 17 | 6 |
| COVID pneumonia (n) | 4 | 4 |
| Hypercapnic respiratory failure (n) | 6 | 1 |
| Hypoxemic respiratory failure, non-infectious (n) | 12 | 2 |
| Shock (septic, hemorrhagic) (n) | 22 | 4 |
| Urinary tract infection, complicated (n) | 3 | |
| Diabetes complications (n) | 4 | 2 |
| Atrial fibrillation with rapid response (n) | 2 | |
| Altered mental status/encephalopathy (n) | 4 | |
| Electrolyte derangements (n) | 5 | 1 |
| Substance overdose/withdrawal (n) | 4 | |
| Acute kidney injury (n) | 14 | |
| Cardiac arrest/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (n) | 4 | 1 |
| Heart failure exacerbation (n) | 6 | 1 |
| Hypertensive emergency (n) | 2 | |
| Pancreatitis (n) | 2 | 1 |
| Cellulitis (n) | 3 | 2 |
| ICU treatments | ||
| Inotropes (n) | 38 | 12 |
| Mechanical ventilation (n) | 33 | 13 |
| Sedation (n) | 31 | 12 |
| Tube feedings (n) | 26 | 12 |
| Paralytics (n) | 2 | 0 |
| Antibiotics use | ||
| Any antibiotic givend (n, %) | 47 (87) | 13 (100%) |
| Anaerobic antibiotic givene (n, %) | 42 (78) | 12 (92%) |
| None (n, %) | 7 (87) | 0 |
aApache, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation
bMICU_LOS, Length of stay in the Medical Intensive Care Unit
cHospital_LOS, Length of stay in the hospital
dAntibiotics included ceftriaxone (n = 26), vancomycin (n = 26), piperacillin-tazobactam (n = 23), cefepime (n = 15), azithromycin (n = 14), metronidazole (n = 14), doxycycline (n = 5), cefazolin (n = 3), oxacillin (n = 2), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 2), rifaximin (n = 2), levofloxacin (n = 1), and clindamycin (n = 1)
ePiperacillin-tazobactam, metronidazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, and clindamycin