Table 1.
Updated meta-analysis. Main characteristics of the 35 studies included in the updated meta-analysis. Listed are country of origin, treatment approach, treatment specialization, design quality, risk level, and age group.
| Study | Country | Approach | Specialization | Design | Risk Level | Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abracen et al. 2011 | Canada | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 4 | Medium | Adults |
| Bakker et al. 1998 | Other | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Medium | Adults |
| Borduin et al. 1990 | United States | Multisystemic therapy | Yes | Level 5 | High | Juveniles |
| Borduin et al. 2021 | United States | Multisystemic therapy | Yes | Level 5 | High | Juveniles |
| Buttars et al. 2016 | United States | Therapeutic community | Yes | Level 4 | Medium | Adults |
| Duwe & Goldman, 2009 | United States | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 4 | Medium | Adults |
| Friendship et al. 2003 | Other | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 4 | Medium | Adults |
| Grady et al. 2017 | United States | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 4 | Low | Adults |
| Greenberg et al. 2002 | Other | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Low | Adults |
| Guarino-Ghezzi & Kimball, 1998 | United States | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | High | Juveniles |
| Hanson et al. 1992 | Canada | Behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 4 | Medium | Adults |
| Hanson et al. 2004 | Canada | Insight-oriented therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Low | Adults |
| LaMacaza, 2002 | Canada | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Medium | Adults |
| Lab et al. 1993 | United States | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Medium | Juveniles |
| Letourneau et al. 2013 | United States | Multisystemic therapy | Yes | Level 5 | Medium | Juveniles |
| Looman et al. 2000 | Canada | Behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 4 | High | Adults |
| Marques et al. 2005 | United States | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 5 | Medium | Adults |
| Marshall & Barbaree, 1988 | Canada | Behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Medium | Adults |
| Marshall et al. 1991 | Canada | Behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Unspecified | Adults |
| McGrath et al. 1998 | United States | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | High | Adults |
| Mews et al. 2017 | Other | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 4 | Low | Adults |
| Nicholaichuk, 1996 | Canada | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | No | Level 4 | Unspecified | Adults |
| Olver et al. 2020 | Canada | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Medium | Adults |
| Ortmann, 2002 | Other | Therapeutic community | Yes | Level 5 | Unspecified | Adults |
| Procter, 1996 | Other | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 4 | Medium | Adults |
| Rice et al., 1991 | Canada | Behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 4 | Low | Adults |
| Robinson, 1995 | Canada | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 5 | Unspecified | Adults |
| Romero & Williams, 1983 | United States | Insight-oriented therapy | No | Level 5 | Low | Adults |
| Ruddijs & Timmerman, 2000 | Other | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | No | Level 4 | Low | Adults |
| Schmid, 1989 | Other | Therapeutic community | Yes | Level 3 | High | Adults |
| Smallbone & McHugh, 2010 | Other | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Medium | Adults |
| Smid et al. 2016 | Other | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | Medium | Adults |
| Taylor, 2000 | Other | Therapeutic community | Yes | Level 3 | Unspecified | Adults |
| Worling et al. 2010 | Canada | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Yes | Level 3 | High | Juveniles |
| Ziethen, 2002 | Other | Therapeutic community | Yes | Level 4 | Medium | Adults |