Table 2.

Updated moderator analysis. Moderator analysis assessing sexual recidivism as indicator of treatment effectiveness. Compared are results reported by Schmucker and Lösel (2017) to the updated moderator analysis. For categorical moderators, effect sizes are reported in terms of odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals (OR [95% CI]). For continuous moderators (cont.), effect sizes were reported in terms of regression weights ( $\beta$ ) following Schmucker and Lösel (2017). Note that Schmucker and Lösel (2017) collected 28 samples from 26 studies, whereas the updated meta-analysis collected 37 samples from 35 studies. k = number of samples, n = sample size. Details on subgroup-contrasts are provided in the Online Supplementary Materials.

	Schmucker and Lösel (2017)			Updated Meta-Analysis
Publication Characteristics	K	n	OR [95% CI]	k	n	OR [95% CI]
Publication status
Published	22	8000		27	10,309	1.54 [95% CI 1.17, 2.04], p = .002
Unpublished	7	1781		10	20,085	1.53 [95% CI 1.00, 2.35], p = .050
Publication year
<2000	15	1596		15	3731	2.11 [95% CI 1.38, 3.24], p = .001
$\ge$ 2000	14	8185		22	26,663	1.35 [95% CI 1.04, 1.77], p = .025
Publication year (cont.)	29	9781		37	30,394	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = 0.04, z = 0.27, p = .787
Country
Canada	11	909		13	3855	2.14 [95% CI 1.47, 3.11], p < .001
United States	8	3160		11	4382	1.47 [95% CI 0.98, 2.20], p = .060
Other	10	5712		13	22,157	1.20 [95% CI 0.87, 1.65], p = .260
Author confounding
Yes	15	6917	1.71 [95% CI 1.18, 2.47]	24	10,972	1.98 [95% CI 1.54, 2.56], p < .001
No	11	2864	1.09 [95% CI 0.73, 1.64]	13	19,422	0.97 [95% CI 0.70, 1.34], p = .858
Unclear	3
Descriptive validity (cont.)	28	9765	35	0	30,378	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = 0.55, z = 3.82, p < .001
Sample characteristics	K	n		k	n
Sample size
<50	7	194	2.14 [95% CI 1.19, 3.84]	5	194	4.62 [95% CI 2.01, 10.62], p < .001
51–150	8	1159	1.27 [95% CI 0.75, 2.15]	14	1411	1.51 [95% CI 0.97, 2.35], p = .071
151–250	5	791	1.36 [95% CI 0.65, 2.85]	4	801	1.46 [95% CI 0.75, 2.83], p = .267
251–500	3	798	1.23 [95% CI 0.59, 2.60]	4	1473	1.16 [95% CI 0.64, 2.12], p = .628
$\ge$ 500	6	6839	1.32 [95% CI 0.85, 2.04]	10	26,515	1.42 [95% CI 1.02, 1.99], p = .040
Sample size (cont.)	29	9781	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = −-0.05, z = −0.29, p = .77	37	30,394	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = −-0.11, z = −-1.03, p = .305
Design quality
Level 3 (incidental)	15	3493	1.49 [95% CI 1.04, 2.14]	17	4881	1.91 [95% CI 1.36, 2.69], p < .001
Level 4 (matching)	8	5282	1.36 [95% CI 0.88, 2.13]	13	22,265	1.18 [95% CI 0.83, 1.68], p = .353
Level 5 (randomized)	5	1006	1.36 [95% CI 0.70, 2.62]	7	3248	1.62 [95% CI 0.93, 2.80], p = .086
Design quality (cont.)	28	9781	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = −-0.06, z = −-0.34, p =.73	37	30,394	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = −-0.11, z = −-0.79, p = .427
Follow-up
<5 years	16	4535		15	7196	1.41 [95% CI 0.91, 2.17], p = .122
$\ge$ 5 years	13	5246		22	23,198	1.59 [95% CI 1.21, 2.10], p = .001
Follow-up (cont.)	28	9781	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = −-0.03, z = −-0.17	37	30,394	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = 0.20, z = 1.40, p = .161
Recidivism definition
Arrest	5	4258	0.98 [95% CI 0.46, 2.09]	12	4784	1.26 [95% CI 0.85, 1.87], p = .259
Charge	7	495	1.65 [95% CI 0.93, 2.93]	6	788	1.56 [95% CI 0.83, 2.94], p = .165
Conviction	11	4752	1.69 [95% CI 1.12, 2.54]	16	24,546	1.61 [95% CI 1.18, 2.19], p = .003
Multiple definitions	3		1.05 [95% CI 0.58, 1.89]
Unspecified	3	276	1.59 [95% CI 0.63, 4.01]	3	276	2.88 [95% CI 1.10, 7.57], p = .032
Recidivism base rate (cont.)	26	9765	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = 0.04, z = 2.27, p = .02	35	30,378	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = 0.28, z = 1.98, p = .048
Treatment characteristics	K	n		k	n
Treatment approach
Behavioral therapy	—	460		6	460	2.29 [95% CI 1.33, 3.97], p = .003
Cognitive-behavioral therapy	21	7695	1.38 [95% CI 1.08, 1.75]	21	27,608	1.36 [95% CI 1.04, 1.78], p = .025
Insight-oriented therapy	2	338	0.97 [95% CI 0.36, 2.59]	2	338	0.70 [95% CI 0.28, 1.75], p = .447
Multisystemic therapy	2	64	21.76 [95% CI 3.70, 128.02]	3	181	5.49 [95% CI 1.67, 17.99], p = .005
Therapeutic community	4	1224	1.24 [95% CI 0.69, 2.22]	5	1807	1.58 [95% CI 0.93, 2.67], p = .093
Treatment setting
Prison	10	7791	1.25 [95% CI 0.85, 1.83]	15	25,168	1.42 [95% CI 1.04, 1.94], p = .027
Hospital	5	730	1.74 [95% CI 1.04, 2.91]	6	1114	1.28 [95% CI 0.72, 2.27], p = .404
Outpatient	12	1260	1.73 [95% CI 1.11, 2.72]	14	1870	1.92 [95% CI 1.23, 2.99], p = .004
Mixed	2		0.54 [95% CI 0.19, 1.51]	2	2242	2.22 [95% CI 0.66, 7.54], p = .199
Treatment individualization
Group only	9	3480	1.01 [95% CI 0.66, 1.55]	8	5087	1.53 [95% CI 0.99, 2.37], p = .055
Group mainly	8	2155	1.38 [95% CI 0.89, 2.13]	9	17,935	1.29 [95% CI 0.83, 2.00], p = .262
Mixed	4	3854	1.87 [95% CI 1.04, 3.36]	12	6380	1.39 [95% CI 0.98, 1.99], p = .068
Individual mainly	4	58	1.82 [95% CI 0.87, 3.82]	2	641	1.28 [95% CI 0.53, 3.13], p = .585
Individual only	4	234	3.15 [95% CI 1.14, 8.74]	6	351	3.68 [95% CI 1.81, 7.51], p < .001
Treatment individualization (cont.)	29	9781	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = 0.41, z = 2.47, p = .01	37	30,394	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = 0.16, z = 1.10, p = .271
Treatment specialization
Yes	26	9377	1.44 [95% CI 1.12, 1.84]	34	29,990	1.63 [95% CI 1.29, 2.05], p < .001
No	3	404	1.11 [95% CI 0.45, 2.74]	3	404	0.51 [95% CI 0.19, 1.39], p = .189
Aftercare
Yes	11	3503		12	5007	1.68 [95% CI 1.13, 2.48], p = .010
No	18	6278		25	25,387	1.47 [95% CI 1.10, 1.96], p = .009
Individual characteristics	K	n		k	n
Age group
Juveniles	5	408	2.97 [95% CI 1.16, 7.59]	6	552	3.25 [95% CI 1.45, 7.29], p = .004
Adults	13	9373	1.48 [95% CI 1.03, 2.12]	31	29,842	1.44 [95% CI 1.14, 1.82], p = .002
Mixed	1
Unclear	10
Age group (cont.)	29	9781	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = −-0.30, z = −-1.80, p = .07	37	30,394	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = −-0.04, z = −-0.26, p = .798
Risk level
Low-risk	8	1700	1.00 [95% CI 0.68, 1.47]	8	17,982	0.68 [95% CI 0.60, 0.78], p < .001
Medium-risk	12	6307	1.33 [95% CI 0.96, 1.84]	17	8496	1.57 [95% CI 1.35, 1.83], p < .001
High-risk	4	597	3.95 [95% CI 1.77, 8.84]	7	614	4.26 [95% CI 2.67, 6.78], p < .001
Unspecified	5	1177		5	3302	1.69 [95% CI 1.19, 2.41], p = .004
Risk level (cont.)	29	9781	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = 0.46, z = 2.59, p = .001	37	30,394	$\mathrm{\beta }$ = 0.33, z = 2.62, p = .009