FIGURE 1.

Consequences of smoking during pregnancy on women and their offspring. Research has indicated that smoking during pregnancy has both immediate and long-term consequences for women and their offspring. Pregnant women that smoke tobacco cigarettes are at a higher risk for miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption, placenta previa, and preterm labor. Offspring prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) are at a higher risk for premature birth, stillbirth, and low birth weight as well as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and respiratory complications. Offspring exposed to PNE are also at an increased risk for substance abuse and developing neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral deficits.