Table 1.
Patients characteristics
| Variable | Study population n = 67* | Cardiovascular events n = 23* | No cardiovascular events n = 44* | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69 (64, 73) | 71 (67, 75) | 67 (58, 73) | 0.030 |
| Sex male/female | 24/43 | 10/13 | 14/30 | 0.345 |
| NYHA class |
47 × II (70%) 20 × III (30%) |
15 × II (65%) 8 × III (35%) |
32 × II (73%) 12 × III (27%) |
0.524 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 21 (31%) | 14 (61%) | 7 (16%) | < 0.001 |
| H2FPEF Score | 4 (3, 5) | 5 (4, 7) | 3 (2, 5) | < 0.001 |
| HFA-PEFF Score | 4 (3, 6) | 5 (3, 6) | 4 (2, 5) | 0.103 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Active smoking | 9 (13%) | 4 (17%) | 5 (11%) | 0.492 |
| Hypertension | 53 (79%) | 18 (78%) | 35 (80%) | 0.902 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia | 42 (63%) | 15 (65%) | 27 (61%) | 0.757 |
| Diabetes | 9 (13%) | 4 (17%) | 5 (11%) | 0.492 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2 BSA) | 28.1 (26.1, 32.7) | 28.9 (26.8, 32.7) | 27.7 (25.4, 32.8) | 0.492 |
| Laboratory testing | ||||
| NT-proBNP (ng/l) | 123 (68, 268) | 191 (108, 430) | 88 (62, 180) | 0.005 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.03) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.12) | 0.78 (0.71, 0.98) | 0.002 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| E/eʹ rest | 10.7 (9.0, 12.8) | 11.4 (9.4, 13.0) | 10.0 (8.5, 12.8) | 0.132 |
| E/e' stress | 12.1 (10.3, 15.3) | 12.1 (10.7, 14.5) | 12.2 (10.0, 15.6) | 0.941 |
| LAVI (ml/m2 BSA) | 38.2 (34.1, 50.0) | 46.0 (38.4, 59.6) | 36.1 (30.6, 43.3) | < 0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 23.3 (20.8, 26.5) | 21.7 (19.4, 27.2) | 23.7 (21.7, 26.4) | 0.349 |
| PAPsys (mmHg) | 24.2 (21.5, 30.3) | 27.2 (21.7, 31.0) | 23.9 (21.0, 29.2) | 0.194 |
| Right heart catheterization | ||||
| PCWP rest (mmHg) | 11 (8, 14) | 12 (9, 18) | 10 (6, 13) | 0.018 |
| PCWP stress (mmHg) | 23 (18, 27) | 26 (21, 30) | 22 (14, 26) | 0.020 |
| PA mean rest (mmHg) | 19 (16, 23) | 21 (19, 26) | 18 (15, 21) | 0.005 |
| PA mean stress (mmHg) | 39 (33, 44) | 43 (38, 50) | 37 (30, 42) | 0.003 |
| PA pO2 rest (%) | 74 (71, 77) | 72 (70, 76) | 75 (72, 77) | 0.095 |
| PA pO2 stress (%) | 47 (39, 51) | 46 (35, 50) | 47 (42, 52) | 0.282 |
| Cardiac Index rest (l/m2 BSA) | 2.9 (2.5, 3.2) | 2.7 (2.5, 3.6) | 2.9 (2.6, 3.2) | 0.602 |
| Cardiac Index stress (l/m2 BSA) | 5.3 (4.3, 6.4) | 5.6 (4.0, 6.3) | 5.3 (4.3, 6.4) | 0.787 |
NYHA: New York Heart Association, LAVI: left atrial volume index, TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, PAPsys: systolic pulmonary artery pressure, PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PA: pulmonary artery pressure, BSA: body surface area. Comparisons were made between patients with and without cardiovascular event. Categorical parameters are reported in absolutes numbers and were compared using the Chi-squared test. Independent continuous parameters are presented as medians with interquartile ranges and were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Bold p values indicate statistical significance. Baseline characteristics have been published previously [12]
aNumbers differ for echocardiographic assessments shown for study population/with/without hospitalisation (E/eʹ stress n = 49/17/32; TAPSE n = 59/20/39;PAPsys n = 56/19/37)