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. 2024 Feb 8;15:1285872. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1285872

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Copyright © 2024 Zhang, Zhang, Song, Wang, Cai, Bao and Yu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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After correcting for each confounder separately and applying MVMR, the effects of genetically predicted childhood obesity on the risk of DN are independent. The y-axis details the genetically predicted confounder(s) for which adjustment was made, and the x-axis details the ORs and 95%Cls per 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in exposure. Asterisks (^※) denote statistical significance survived false discovery rate (FDR) correction (P_FDR<0.05). BMI, body mass index; DN, Diabetic nephropathy; CRP, circulating CRP levels; IVW, Inverse-variance weighted approach; NO.SNP, number of instrumental variables; OR, odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval.