Table 1.

Etiologies of combined AR and MR

Congenital valve defects

Degenerative valve disease

Rheumatic heart disease

Endocarditis

Marfan syndrome and related disorders (e.g., Loeys–Dietz syndrome)

Drug-induced VHD  Anti-migraine drugs: ergotamine and methysergide  Anti-Parkinson drugs: pergolide and cabergoline  Anorexigens: fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, and phentermine  MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy)

Radiation

Rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue disorders

AR secondary to aortic root dilatation

MR secondary to LV and MV annulus dilatation due to chronic AR

AR aortic regurgitation, LV left ventricular, MR mitral regurgitation, MV mitral valve