Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 group and contemporary controls after weighting.
| Baseline characteristics | COVID-19 group (n = 112,311) | Contemporary control (n = 359,671) | SMDa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, female, n (%) | 61,659 (54.9) | 198,538 (55.2) | 0.007 |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 56.2 (8.1) | 56.2 (8.1) | 0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.4 (4.8) | 0.001 |
| Ethnicity | 0.001 | ||
| White, n (%) | 106,134 (94.5) | 339,889 (94.5) | |
| Other ethnicities, n (%) | 6177 (5.5) | 19,782 (5.5) | |
| Townsend deprivation index, mean (SD) | −1.3 (3.0) | −1.3 (3.1) | 0.002 |
| Physical activity, mean (SD), MET | 2643.2 (2701.1) | 2649.9 (2708.0) | 0.002 |
| Household income | 0.004 | ||
| <18,000, n (%) | 24,259 (21.6) | 78,049 (21.7) | |
| 18,000–30,999, n (%) | 28,527 (25.4) | 91,716 (25.5) | |
| 31,000–51,999, n (%) | 29,650 (26.4) | 94,953 (26.4) | |
| 52,000–100,000, n (%) | 23,473 (20.9) | 74,452 (20.7) | |
| >100,000, n (%) | 6514 (5.8) | 20,501 (5.7) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.005 | ||
| Daily or almost daily, n (%) | 22,799 (20.3) | 72,654 (20.2) | |
| Three or four times a week, n (%) | 26,281 (23.4) | 83,803 (23.3) | |
| Once or twice a week, n (%) | 29,089 (25.9) | 93,514 (26) | |
| One to three times a month, n (%) | 12,579 (11.2) | 40,283 (11.2) | |
| Special occasions only or never, n (%) | 12,691 (11.3) | 41,002 (11.4) | |
| Never, n (%) | 8760 (7.8) | 28,414 (7.9) | |
| Smoking status | 0.002 | ||
| Never smoker, n (%) | 62,557 (55.7) | 200,696 (55.8) | |
| Previous smoker, n (%) | 38,523 (34.3) | 123,007 (34.2) | |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 11,231 (10) | 35,967 (10) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 40,544 (36.1) | 129,841 (36.1) | 0.001 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 112 (0.1) | 360 (0.1) | 0.003 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 4717 (4.2) | 15,106 (4.2) | 0.001 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 786 (0.7) | 2518 (0.7) | 0.002 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 4829 (4.3) | 15,466 (4.3) | 0.002 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 2920 (2.6) | 9351 (2.6) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 8536 (7.6) | 27,335 (7.6) | 0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 16,510 (14.7) | 52,872 (14.7) | 0.002 |
| Chronic Liver Disease, n (%) | 1348 (1.2) | 4316 (1.2) | 0.004 |
| Hospital admission frequency (past three years), mean (SD), times | 0.9 (1.7) | 0.9 (1.8) | 0.009 |
| History of previous respiratory diseases, n (%) | 22,350 (19.9) | 71,215 (19.8) | 0.003 |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent task; SMD, standardized mean difference.
a
SMD ≤0.10 is considered good balance.