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. 2024 Feb 16;69:102484. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102484

Table 2.

Stratified analyses for the association between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of cardiovascular events.

Groups Estimating by daily weight proportion
Estimating by daily servings
Estimating by daily energy proportion
N
RR (95%CI)
I2 (%)
Pa
Pb
N
RR (95%CI)
I2 (%)
Pa
Pb
N
RR (95%CI)
I2 (%)
Pa
Pb
Highest vs. lowest category Highest vs. lowest category Highest vs. lowest category
Overall 9 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) 69.9 <0.001 5 1.21 (1.02, 1.43) 84.8 <0.001 5 1.28 (0.98, 1.69) 90.6 <0.001
Publication year
 <2022 3 1.40 (1.05, 1.87) 73.4 0.052 0.255 3 1.38 (1.11, 1.72) 78.8 0.009 0.026 3 1.05 (0.68, 1.64) 78.0 0.003 0.334
 ≥2022 6 1.18 (1.09, 1.28) 68.2 <0.001 2 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) 0.0 0.383 2 1.52 (0.84, 2.75) 96.0 <0.001
Region
 The United States 2 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) 36.5 0.193 0.036 3 1.27 (1.05, 1.55) 82.7 0.003 0.332 3 1.44 (0.92, 2.27) 94.0 <0.001 0.362
 Non- the United States 7 1.28 (1.14, 1.44) 71.2 <0.001 2 1.11 (0.92, 1.34) 56.2 0.102 2 0.90 (0.37, 2.22) 85.3 0.001
Dietary assessment method
 24 h dietary recall 3 1.20 (1.10, 1.31) 39.7 0.174 0.823 0 3 1.07 (0.80, 1.44) 70.5 0.009 0.233
 FFQ 6 1.22 (1.08, 1.38) 76.1 <0.001 5 1.21 (1.02, 1.43) 84.8 <0.001 2 1.84 (0.80, 4.25) 97.4 <0.001
Sample size
 <30,000 4 1.66 (1.28, 2.16) 62.7 0.045 0.007 3 1.18 (1.03, 1.36) 14.5 0.311 0.866 3 1.24 (0.57, 2.74) 91.9 <0.001 0.865
 ≥30,000 5 1.15 (1.07, 1.22) 55.2 0.017 2 1.21 (0.92, 1.59) 93.3 <0.001 2 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) 0.0 0.695
Follow-up years
 <11 5 1.22 (1.07, 1.38) 68.6 0.002 0.910 3 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) 34.9 0.203 0.120 3 1.24 (0.57,2.74) 91.9 <0.001 0.865
 ≥11 4 1.21 (1.07, 1.36) 74.4 0.002 2 1.34 (1.07, 1.68) 88.1 0.004 2 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) 0.0 0.695
Adjusted for dietary quality
 Yes 6 1.29 (1.11, 1.51) 82.0 <0.001 0.844 2 1.25 (0.86, 1.81) 85.5 0.009 0.856
 No 3 1.32 (1.15, 1.51) 78.5 <0.001 3 1.31 (0.96, 1.78) 81.9 0.019

Abbreviations: N, number; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; Pa: P value for heterogeneity within each subgroup; Pb: P value for heterogeneity between subgroups.