Table 2.
Stratified analyses for the association between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of cardiovascular events.
| Groups | Estimating by daily weight proportion |
Estimating by daily servings |
Estimating by daily energy proportion |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N |
RR (95%CI) |
I2 (%) |
Pa |
Pb |
N |
RR (95%CI) |
I2 (%) |
Pa |
Pb |
N |
RR (95%CI) |
I2 (%) |
Pa |
Pb |
|
| Highest vs. lowest category | Highest vs. lowest category | Highest vs. lowest category | |||||||||||||
| Overall | 9 | 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) | 69.9 | <0.001 | 5 | 1.21 (1.02, 1.43) | 84.8 | <0.001 | 5 | 1.28 (0.98, 1.69) | 90.6 | <0.001 | |||
| Publication year | |||||||||||||||
| <2022 | 3 | 1.40 (1.05, 1.87) | 73.4 | 0.052 | 0.255 | 3 | 1.38 (1.11, 1.72) | 78.8 | 0.009 | 0.026 | 3 | 1.05 (0.68, 1.64) | 78.0 | 0.003 | 0.334 |
| ≥2022 | 6 | 1.18 (1.09, 1.28) | 68.2 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | 0.0 | 0.383 | 2 | 1.52 (0.84, 2.75) | 96.0 | <0.001 | |||
| Region | |||||||||||||||
| The United States | 2 | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | 36.5 | 0.193 | 0.036 | 3 | 1.27 (1.05, 1.55) | 82.7 | 0.003 | 0.332 | 3 | 1.44 (0.92, 2.27) | 94.0 | <0.001 | 0.362 |
| Non- the United States | 7 | 1.28 (1.14, 1.44) | 71.2 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.11 (0.92, 1.34) | 56.2 | 0.102 | 2 | 0.90 (0.37, 2.22) | 85.3 | 0.001 | |||
| Dietary assessment method | |||||||||||||||
| 24 h dietary recall | 3 | 1.20 (1.10, 1.31) | 39.7 | 0.174 | 0.823 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1.07 (0.80, 1.44) | 70.5 | 0.009 | 0.233 |
| FFQ | 6 | 1.22 (1.08, 1.38) | 76.1 | <0.001 | 5 | 1.21 (1.02, 1.43) | 84.8 | <0.001 | – | 2 | 1.84 (0.80, 4.25) | 97.4 | <0.001 | ||
| Sample size | |||||||||||||||
| <30,000 | 4 | 1.66 (1.28, 2.16) | 62.7 | 0.045 | 0.007 | 3 | 1.18 (1.03, 1.36) | 14.5 | 0.311 | 0.866 | 3 | 1.24 (0.57, 2.74) | 91.9 | <0.001 | 0.865 |
| ≥30,000 | 5 | 1.15 (1.07, 1.22) | 55.2 | 0.017 | 2 | 1.21 (0.92, 1.59) | 93.3 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) | 0.0 | 0.695 | |||
| Follow-up years | |||||||||||||||
| <11 | 5 | 1.22 (1.07, 1.38) | 68.6 | 0.002 | 0.910 | 3 | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) | 34.9 | 0.203 | 0.120 | 3 | 1.24 (0.57,2.74) | 91.9 | <0.001 | 0.865 |
| ≥11 | 4 | 1.21 (1.07, 1.36) | 74.4 | 0.002 | 2 | 1.34 (1.07, 1.68) | 88.1 | 0.004 | 2 | 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) | 0.0 | 0.695 | |||
| Adjusted for dietary quality | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 6 | 1.29 (1.11, 1.51) | 82.0 | <0.001 | 0.844 | 2 | 1.25 (0.86, 1.81) | 85.5 | 0.009 | 0.856 | – | – | – | – | – |
| No | 3 | 1.32 (1.15, 1.51) | 78.5 | <0.001 | 3 | 1.31 (0.96, 1.78) | 81.9 | 0.019 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
Abbreviations: N, number; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; Pa: P value for heterogeneity within each subgroup; Pb: P value for heterogeneity between subgroups.