Table 2.

Urine biomarker models for prediction or diagnosis of GDM.

Models	Study design	Gestational weeks	Sensitivity	Specificity	The AUC value
Urine serotonin metabolites (l-tryptophan, serotonin, 5-HIAA, melatonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin) and 11 plasma metabolites19	cross-sectional study; GDM (n = 14) vs NGT (n = 18)	12∼26 weeks	N/A	N/A	0.990
Urine metabolites (trehalose and 3-dehydroshikimic acid), bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae) and fecal metabolites (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and valine)23	cross-sectional study; GDM (n-59) vs NGT (n = 48)	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.957
Urine metabolites (dihydroorotate, argininate, phenylglucuronide, 7,8-dihydroneopterin, nicotinate ribonucleoside, saccharopine and lanthionine)31	nested case-control study; GDM (n = 46) vs NGT (n = 46)	around 12 weeks	97.8%	95.7%	0.993
Urine proteins (coagulation factor IX, TBC1D5a and immunoglobulin kappa constant), FPG and HbA1c30	case-control study; GDM (n = 60) vs normal pregnant women (n = 31) vs nonpregnant women (n = 31)	second and third trimesters	76.7%	64.5%	0.758

Abbreviation: GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; AUC: area under the curve; 5-HIAA: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; TBC1D5a: TBC1 family member 5 isoform a; FPG: fasting plasma glucose.