Table 3.

Overview of the 15 core lessons in Mindful Journey.

Lesson number and name	Core learning objectives	Audio-guided mindfulness meditation practices
Getting Started	Define mindfulness Identify ways in which mindfulness in plays a role in recovery Practice guided mindfulness exercises Explain the steps of the BOAT (Breathe, Observe, Accept, Take a Moment) Describe how to use the Mindful Journey app	Body and breath practice BOAT practice
Responding with Awareness	Define automatic pilot Describe the role of automatic pilot in substance use Identify and define the three components of the triangle of awareness (thoughts, emotions, sensations) Practice mindfulness after thinking about challenging personal situation Explain how to use the BOAT in daily life	Brief BOAT BOAT with imaginal exposure to challenging situation
Coping with Cravings	Define craving Practice mindfulness while viewing images that may elicit craving Describe the similarity of cravings with ocean waves Explain how mindfulness can be applied to a situation that elicits craving	BOAT Exercise – Food Cravings (with visual display of food images) BOAT Exercise – Substance Cravings (with visual display of distal cue images)
Riding the Wave	Define a trigger and describe the roles of triggers in substance use Identify personal triggers Practice mindfulness after thinking about a situation that triggers craving for substances Create a plan for coping with triggers	BOAT with imaginal exposure to substance craving
Emotions as Visitors	Identify types of difficult emotions and describe how they play a role in substance use Practice mindfulness of one’s current emotions before and after listening to a poem about emotions as guests Explain how difficult emotions are similar to guests or visitors Describe the role of mindfulness, particularly the component of acceptance, in the process of coping with difficult emotions	Mindfulness of emotions with reading of the Guest House [23]
Seeing Thoughts as Thoughts	Define thoughts Differentiate thoughts from body sensations and emotions Describe the role of thoughts in the relapse cycle [23] Practice mindfulness of thoughts after hearing about an imaginary ambiguous situation Practice mindfulness of current thoughts while using the breath as an anchor for attention to return to	Walking Down the Street Exercise [23] Mindfulness of Thoughts
Practicing Self-Compassion	Describe the role of self-criticism in the relapse cycle Practice mindfulness while offering compassionate words to other people and oneself Explain how self-compassion can facilitate recovery Create a brief self-compassion reminder statement Practice mindfulness while mentally reciting one’s self-compassion reminder	Compassion Practice Self-Compassion reminder exercise
Exploring Your Needs	Describe types of needs that human beings have in life Explain how substance use is related to trying to meet one’s needs Practice mindfully reflecting on one’s own personal needs that may underlie craving and substance use Explain how the BOAT can be used as a tool to check-in with one’s needs in the moment	Exploring Your Needs Practice Brief BOAT
Taking Care of Your Body	Explain the importance of self-care in recovery, including taking care of one’s body Practice mindfulness while engaging in gentle movements and stretches, as well as while intentionally resting one’s body	Mindful Movement Mindful Rest
Being Curious	Explain the steps of the SOAK (Stop, Observe, Appreciate, Keep Curious) Describe the role of the SOAK in recovery. Define curiosity	SOAK practice Brief SOAK exercise with visual display of vivid photos.
Savoring Positive Experiences	Explain how the SOAK can be used in daily life Practice mindfulness after thinking about a pleasant situation Describe how the BOAT and the SOAK are both mindfulness tools one can use in different situations Creating a specific plan for engaging in a pleasurable activity over the next week and planning to practice the SOAK in this situation	Brief SOAK practice SOAK practice with imaginal exposure to pleasant situation
A Healthy Relationship with Positive Emotions	Explain how a relentless pursuit of positive emotions can be problematic and trigger substance use Describe the difference between letting positive emotions come and go versus chasing them or clinging to them Practice mindfulness after thinking about a situation that triggers intense desire for more positive emotions Explain how not allowing oneself to feel positive emotions can also be problematic Practice mindfully reflecting on ways of welcoming positive emotions and recognizing one is deserving of them	Letting Positive Emotions Come and Go (with imaginal exposure to situation triggering intense desire for more positive emotions) Welcoming positive emotions
Exploring New Positive Emotions	Identify other types of positive emotion words besides happy, such as love, interest, calm, amusement, confidence, or meaning Write about a specific activity that might bring about a one of these other types of positive emotions Practice mindfulness after writing and thinking about this specific activity Explain how connecting with a variety of positive emotions is important during recovery Explain how positive emotions and negative emotions can be felt at the same time	Brief SOAK Getting to Know Positive Emotions (includes SOAK)
Connecting with Your Values	Define values and describe their role in the recovery process Practice mindfully reflecting on personal values in key domains of life Explain the connection between mindfulness and making choices guided by our values Practice mindfully reflecting on values after thinking about a situation that triggers craving	Values Practice Brief BOAT with imaginal exposure to situation eliciting craving to use substances.
The Journey Ahead	Mindfully reflect on one’s recovery journey so far and the journey ahead Describe the impact of mindfulness practice on the brain Explain the importance of a regular mindfulness practice routine Describe how the BOAT and the SOAK are both mindfulness tools one can use in different situations Practice mindfulness after listening to the Serenity Prayer	Reflecting on Your Journey Serenity Prayer Exercise