Table 3.
Creatinine-Corrected urinary furan metabolites in waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smokers (n=50) compared to non-smokers (n=25).
| WPT Smokers pmol/mg Creatinine |
Non-Smokers pmol/mg Creatinine |
Pre-Smoking WPT vs Non- Smokers |
Post- Smoking WPT vs Non- Smokers |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Smoking | Post-Smoking | Day 1 † | Day 2 † | Ratio ♪ | p ♥ | Ratio ♫ | p ₼ | |
| BDA-NAL ‡ | ||||||||
| M ± SD § | 147 ± 89 | 161 ± 138 | 120 ± 80 | 127 ± 66 | 1.3 | 0.084 | 1.2 | 0.431 |
| GM (95% CI) Σ | 128 (111-148) | 131 (111-155) | 99 (76-129) | 112 (91-139) | ||||
| Median (25-75 percentile) | 121 (94-167) | 122 (92-180) | 103 (59-151) | 113 (99-141) | ||||
| (Minimum-Maximum) | (52-544) | (36-860) | (37-346) | (38-311) | ||||
| % above LOD Δ (Freq/n) Ω | 100% (50/50) | 100% (50/50) | 100% (25/25) | 100% (25/25) | ||||
| Ratio ß p-value Φ | 1.03 0.896 | |||||||
| BDA-Lys ψ | ||||||||
| M ± SD | 57 ± 45 | 63 ± 53 | 51 ± 37 | 53 ± 34 | 1.0 | 0.537 | 1.1 | 0.515 |
| GM (95% CI) | 42 (32-55) | 47 (36-60) | 41 (31-54) | 44 (34-57) | ||||
| Median (25-75 percentile) | 42 (27-71) | 50 (33-73) | 42 (24-56) | 42 (31-66) | ||||
| (Minimum-Maximum) | (0.3-260) | (1-318) | (14-149) | (13-140) | ||||
| % above LOD (Freq/n) | 98% (49/50) | 96% (48/50) | 100% (25/25) | 100% (25/25) | ||||
| Ratio ß p-value Φ | 1.1 1.000 | |||||||
| NAC-BDA-NAL Ж | ||||||||
| M ± SD | 0.10 ± 0.11 | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 6.0 | 0.006 | 5.0 | 0.017 |
| GM (95% CI) | 0.06 (0.04-0.09) | 0.05 (0.04-0.07) | 0.01 (0.00-0.03) | 0.01 (0.00-0.03) | ||||
| Median (25-75 percentile) | 0.08 (0.04-0.11) | 0.07 (0.03-0.11) | 0.04 (0.00-0.08) | 0.04 (0.00-0.08) | ||||
| (Minimum-Maximum) | (0.00-0.64) | (0.00-0.37) | (0.00-0.25) | (0.00-0.16) | ||||
| % above LOD (Freq/n) | 94% (47/50) | 92% (45/49) x | 56% (14/25) | 64% (16/25) | ||||
| Ratio ß p-value Φ | 0.8 0.085 | |||||||
| NAC-BDA-Lys Я | ||||||||
| M ± SD | 4.5 ± 2.1 | 4.5 ± 2.3 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.078 | 1.7 | 0.199 |
| GM (95% CI) | 4.0 (3.5-4.6) | 4.0 (3.5-4.6) | 3.1 (2.6-3.9) | 2.4 (1.1-5.3) | ||||
| Median (25-75 percentile) | 4.2 (2.9-5.6) | 3.8 (3.0-5.2) | 4.0 (2.1-4.4) | 3.7 (2.7-4.7) | ||||
| (Minimum-Maximum) | (1.6-11) | (1.7-13) | (1.2-7.7) | (0.0-8.6) | ||||
| % above LOD (Freq/n) | 100% (50/50) | 100% (49/49) x | 100% (25/25) | 96% (24/25) | ||||
| Ratio ß p-value Φ | 1.0 1.000 | |||||||
| NAC-BDA-Lys sulfoxide Ъ | ||||||||
| M ± SD | 4.2 ± 3.4 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 1.6 | 0.001 | 1.5 | 0.002 |
| GM (95% CI) | 3.4 (2.9-4.1) | 3.1 (2.6-3.6) | 2.1 (1.8-2.5) | 2.1 (1.8-2.5) | ||||
| Median (25-75 percentile) | 3.6 (2.1-4.6) | 3.1 (2.1-4.5) | 2.2 (1.6-2.9) | 1.8 (1.4-3.1) | ||||
| (Minimum-Maximum) | (0.98-20) | (0.7-10) | (0.9-4.5) | (1.3-5) | ||||
| % above LOD (Freq/n) | 100% (50/50) | 100% (50/50) | 100% (25/25) | 100% (25/25) | ||||
| Ratio ß p-value Φ | 0.9 0.119 | |||||||
| Cotinine | ||||||||
| M ± SD | 46 ± 135 | 84 ± 148 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.10 | 44.7 | <0.001 | 1702 | <0.001 |
| GM (95% CI) | 1.34 (0.59-3.04) | 35 (24-51) | 0.03 (0.02-0.05) | 0.02 (0.01-0.04) | ||||
| Median (25-75 percentile) | 0.45 (0.13-12) | 31 (17-61) | 0.04 (0.01-0.08) | 0.01 (0.01-0.08) | ||||
| (Minimum-Maximum) | (0.01-752) | (1-797) | (0.01-0.27) | (0.01-0.41) | ||||
| % above LOD (Freq/n) | 98% (49/50) | 100% (50/50) | 60% (15/25) | 40% (10/25) | ||||
| Ratio ß p-value Φ | 26.10 <.0001 | |||||||
Two first morning urine samples were provided on 2 consecutive days. All values and percentages are rounded up.
BDA-NAL (L-2-(acetylamino)-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-hexanoic acid), a metabolite of furan; Limit of Detection (LOD) = 0.65 pmol/mL.
M (± SD) = Arithmetic mean (± Standard Deviation); the number of decimal places displayed is 2 for values<0, 1 for 0<values<10, and 0 for values>10.
GM (95% CI) = Geometric mean (95% Confidence Intervals).
% above LOD = Percentage of urine samples above the LOD.
Freq/n = Frequency of urine samples with levels above the LOD / n size of urine samples minus missing values due to laboratory interference, as denoted by (x).
Ratio = Ratio of GM metabolites levels post to pre WPT smoking.
p = Post vs pre smoking; p values were derived from Wilcoxon signed-rank tests; two-tailed alpha level p < 0.05. Significant levels are bolded.
BDA-Lys = L-2-(amino)-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-hexanoic acid, a metabolite of furan; LOD = 1.95 pmol/mL.
NAC-BDA-NAL = N-acetyl-S-[1-(5-acetylamino-5-carboxylpentyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-L-cysteine, a metabolite of furan; LOD = 0.0022 pmol/mL. x Laboratory interference: n=1.
NAC-BDA-Lys = N-acetyl-S-[1-(5-amino-5-carboxylpentyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-L-cysteine, a metabolite of furan; LOD = 0.0019 pmol/ML. x Laboratory interference: n=1.
NAC-BDA-Lys sulfoxide = N-acetyl-S-[1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-L-cysteine sulfoxide, a metabolite of furan; LOD = 0.0010 pmol/mL.
Ratio = Ratio of GM metabolites levels pre-smoking WPT vs non-smokers.
p = Pre-smoking WPT vs non-smokers; p values derived from Mann-Whitney U tests; two-tailed alpha level p < 0.05. Significant levels are bolded.
Ratio = Ratio of GM metabolites levels post-smoking WPT vs non-smokers.
p = post-smoking WPT vs non-smokers; p values derived from Mann-Whitney U tests; two-tailed alpha level p < 0.05. Significant levels are bolded.
LOD values of metabolites were replaced with (LOD/2).