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. 2024 Feb 22;11:221. doi: 10.1038/s41597-024-02958-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — How ethnicity is collected in the UK and typically used for research. The A-Z letters are the nomenclature observed in the data to represent the NHS ethnicity codes. Abbreviations: High-level ethnicity groups, general ethnicity classification groups from the Office for National Statistics commonly used in research; NHS, National Health Service in the UK; SNOMED, SNOMED-CT records containing ethnicity concepts.