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. 2024 Feb 22;11:221. doi: 10.1038/s41597-024-02958-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Visual representation of the hierarchy between the three ethnicity classifications, from the broader to the most specific: High-level ethnicity groups, NHS ethnicity codes and SNOMED concepts. The A-Z letters are the nomenclature observed in the data to represent the NHS ethnicity codes. The colours displayed from the High-level ethnicity groups show how the NHS ethnicity concepts and SNOMED-CT can be aggregated into this 6-category classification. The¹ highlights the different colour for the letters C and T, in respect to the colours of their concepts, Chinese and Gypsy/Irish Traveller, respectively. The colours from the concepts represent the current aggregation algorithm available in the NHS England SDE, whilst the colour of the letters show the aggregation suggested by the UK Office of National Statistics. Abbreviations: *, the Unknown category is not always included; NHS, National Health Service in the UK; SNOMED, SNOMED-CT records containing ethnicity codes; SDE, Secure Data Environment.