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. 2024 Feb 22;14:4351. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55094-6

Table 2.

Associations between sample characteristics and acne incidence (n = 350).

Variable Frequency (%)
N = 350
Students with acne
Frequency (%)
n = 283
Students without acne
Frequency (%)
n = 67
P value (Chi-squared test)
Age 0.072
 < 20 72 (20.6%) 60 (21.2%) 12 (17.9%)
 20–23 242 (69.1%) 199 (70.3%) 43 (64.2%)
 > 23 36 (10.3%) 24 (8.5%) 12 (17.9%)
BMI 0.206
 Underweight 25 (7.1%) 22 (7.8%) 3 (4.5%)
 Normal weight 221 (63.1%) 178 (62.9%) 43 (64.2%)
 Overweight 81 (23.1%) 68 (24.0%) 13 (19.4%)
 Obesity 23 (6.6%) 15 (5.3%) 8 (11.9%)
Sleeping hours 0.812
 4–6 112 (32.0%) 89 (31.4%) 23 (34.3%)
 7–9 210 (60.0%) 172 (60.8%) 38 (56.7%)
 10–12 26 (7.4%) 20 (7.1%) 6 (9%)
 > 12 2 (0.6%) 2 (0.7%) 0 (0.0%)
Study year 0.104
 First year 42 (12.0%) 37 (13.1%) 5 (7.5%)
 Second year 38 (10.9) 29 (10.2%) 9 (13.4%)
 Third year 34 (9.7%) 32 (11.3%) 2 (3%)
 Fourth year 61 (17.4%) 44 (15.5%) 17 (25.4%)
 Fifth year 90 (25.7%) 74 (26.1%) 16 (23.9%)
 Sixth year 85 (24.3%) 67 (23.7%) 18 (26.9%)
Gender  < 0.001
 Male 97 (27.7%) 66 (23.3%) 31 (46.3%)
 Female 253 (72.3%) 217 (76.7%) 36 (53.7%)
Chronic diseases  > 0.99
 Yes 15 (4.3%) 12 (4.2%) 3 (4.5%)
 No 335 (95.7%) 271 (95.8%) 64 (95.5%)
Smoking 0.017
 Yes 47 (13.4%) 32 (11.3%) 15 (22.4%)
 No 303 (86.6%) 251 (88.7%) 52 (77.6%)
Skin type 0.024
 Oily 142 (33.1%) 123 (43.5%) 19 (28.4%)
 Other type 208 (66.9%) 160 (56.5%) 48 (71.6%)
Current mental and emotional status 0.397
 Stressful 173 (49.7%) 143(50.5%) 30(44.8%)
 Not stressful 177 (50.3%) 140(49.5%) 37(55.2%)
Dairy 0.007
 Yes 161 (46.0%) 140(49.5%) 21(31.3%)
 No 189 (54.0%) 143(50.5%) 46(68.7%)
Sweets  < 0.001
 Yes 164 (46.9%) 146(51.6%) 18(26.9%)
 No 186 (53.1%) 137(48.4%) 49(73.1%)
Nuts 0.491
 Yes 133 (38.0%) 110(38.9%) 23(34.3%)
 No 217 (62.0%) 173(61.1%) 44(65.7%)
Chocolate  < 0.001
 Yes 161 (46.0%) 144(50.9%) 17(25.4%)
 No 189 (54.0%) 139(49.1%) 50(74.6%)
Oily food 0.006
 Yes 178 (50.9%) 154(54.4%) 24(35.8%)
 No 172 (49.1%) 129(45.6%) 43(64.2%)
Spicy food 0.215
 Yes 111 (31.7%) 94(33.2%) 17(25.4%)
 No 239 (68.3%) 189(66.8%) 50(74.6%)
Frequent use of cosmetics 0.184
 Frequently used 73 (20.9%) 63(22.3%) 10(14.9%)
 Not used 277 (79.1%) 220(77.7%) 57(85.1%)

Significant are in value [bold].