Table 1.
Characteristics of the population included, divided according to flow rate and stroke volume index
| Characteristic | Overall | FR < 200 mL/s (n = 291) |
FR ≥ 200 mL/s, (n = 198) |
p 1 | SVi < 35 mL/m2, (n = 211) |
SVi ≥ 35 mL/m2, (n = 278) |
p 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and Clinical Data | |||||||
| Sex | < 0.001 | 0.2 | |||||
| Male | 236 (48%) | 116 (40%) | 120 (61%) | 94 (45%) | 142 (51%) | ||
| Female | 253 (52%) | 175 (60%) | 78 (39%) | 117 (55%) | 136 (49%) | ||
| Age (years) | 81 [76, 86] | 82 [78, 86] | 80 [75, 84] | < 0.001 | 82 [78, 86] | 81 [76, 85] | 0.15 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.8 [24.2, 29.8] | 26.0 [23.6, 29.3] | 27.7 [25.3, 30.5] | < 0.001 | 27.0 [24.3, 30.4] | 26.7 [24.2, 29.4] | 0.4 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.75 [1.64, 1.87] | 1.70 [1.60, 1.83] | 1.82 [1.71, 1.93] | < 0.001 | 1.75 [1.64, 1.87] | 1.76 [1.63, 1.88] | 0.8 |
| Creatinine clearance (mL/m2) | 48 [35, 64] | 45 [33, 58] | 53 [40, 72] | 0.001 | 45 [34, 59] | 51 [38, 66] | 0.028 |
| NYHA class ≥ III (baseline) | 263 (56%) | 168 (60%) | 95 (50%) | 0.025 | 130 (64%) | 133 (50%) | 0.001 |
| NYHA class ≥ III (6-months follow-up) | 29 (8.0%) | 19 (9.0%) | 10 (6.6%) | 0.4 | 12 (8.3%) | 17 (7.8%) | 0.9 |
| NYHA recovery ≥ 1 | 237 (66%) | 97 (65%) | 140 (67%) | 0.7 | 137 (64%) | 100 (70%) | 0.2 |
| NYHA recovery ≥ 2 | 66 (18%) | 21 (14%) | 45 (22%) | 0.070 | 38 (18%) | 28 (20%) | 0.7 |
| Arterial hypertension | 360 (83%) | 212 (83%) | 148 (84%) | 0.8 | 157 (84%) | 203 (82%) | 0.5 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 185 (38%) | 105 (36%) | 80 (41%) | 0.3 | 90 (43%) | 95 (34%) | 0.049 |
| Dyslipidemia | 314 (73%) | 183 (71%) | 131 (74%) | 0.6 | 136 (73%) | 178 (72%) | 0.8 |
| COPD | 92 (19%) | 48 (17%) | 44 (22%) | 0.11 | 36 (17%) | 56 (20%) | 0.4 |
| Carotid artery disease | 57 (12%) | 38 (13%) | 20 (10%) | 0.6 | 26 (12%) | 32 (11%) | 0.9 |
| Previous stroke or TIA | 63 (13%) | 42 (15%) | 21 (11%) | 0.2 | 30 (14%) | 33 (12%) | 0.4 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 48 (11%) | 32 (12%) | 16 (9.0%) | 0.3 | 23 (12%) | 25 (10%) | 0.5 |
| Coronary artery disease | 267 (55%) | 171 (59%) | 96 (49%) | 0.023 | 131 (63%) | 136 (49%) | 0.003 |
| Previous PCI | 77 (16%) | 56 (19%) | 21 (11%) | 0.010 | 45 (22%) | 32 (12%) | 0.003 |
| Previous CABG | 67 (14%) | 44 (15%) | 23 (12%) | 0.3 | 32 (15%) | 35 (13%) | 0.4 |
| Previous pacemaker | 59 (14%) | 33 (13%) | 26 (15%) | 0.5 | 29 (15%) | 30 (12%) | 0.3 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 160 (33%) | 99 (34%) | 61 (31%) | 0.4 | 88 (42%) | 72 (26%) | < 0.001 |
| Anemia | 187 (43%) | 116 (45%) | 71 (40%) | 0.3 | 83 (45%) | 104 (42%) | 0.6 |
| STS score (mortality, %) | 4.00 [2.76, 5.98] | 4.37 [3.03, 6.63] | 3.47 [2.46, 5.04] | < 0.001 | 4.34 [2.93, 6.98] | 3.82 [2.60, 5.48] | 0.003 |
| STS score (morbimortality, %) | 22 [17, 29] | 23 [18, 31] | 20 [14, 26] | < 0.001 | 24 [18, 31] | 21 [15, 27] | 0.003 |
| EuroSCORE II | 4.1 [2.4, 6.5] | 4.5 [3.0, 7.3] | 3.4 [1.9, 5.4] | < 0.001 | 4.8 [3.0, 8.4] | 3.7 [2.1, 5.5] | < 0.001 |
| Five-year mortality (%) | 194 (40%) | 130 (45%) | 67 (34%) | 0.016 | 94 (45%) | 103 (37%) | 0.094 |
| Echocardiographic data | |||||||
| Aortic valve area (cm2) | 0.67 [0.50, 0.80] | 0.60 [0.50, 0.70] | 0.70 [0.60, 0.80] | < 0.001 | 0.60 [0.50, 0.70] | 0.70 [0.60, 0.80] | < 0.001 |
| Transaortic maximum gradient (mmHg) | 76 [63, 92] | 75 [62, 92] | 79 [66, 92] | 0.10 | 71 [58, 86] | 79 [68, 95] | < 0.001 |
| Transaortic mean gradient (mmHg) | 46 [39, 57] | 45 [38, 55] | 47 [40, 58] | 0.053 | 43 [35, 53] | 48 [41, 60] | < 0.001 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 55 [45, 59] | 55 [44, 58] | 55 [50, 60] | 0.026 | 54 [40, 57] | 56 [51, 60] | < 0.001 |
| Ejection fraction < 50% | 140 (29%) | 93 (32%) | 47 (24%) | 0.048 | 79 (37%) | 61 (22%) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke volume index (mL/m2) | 37 [30, 44] | 31 [26, 37] | 45 [41, 52] | < 0.001 | 29 [25, 32] | 42 [39, 49] | < 0.001 |
| Transaortic flow rate (mL/s) | 190 [158, 230] | 164 [141, 183] | 240 [217, 266] | < 0.001 | 155 [132, 176] | 217 [194, 255] | < 0.001 |
1Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test
CABG, Coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FR, Flow rate; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons; SVi, Stroke Volume Index; TIA, transient ischemic attack. Statistically significant p-values are presented in bold