. 2024 Feb 9;18:1345868. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1345868

TABLE 6.

Test performances achieved by the three subgroups in the baseline and post-test assessments.

Variables	High exposure (n = 8)		Low exposure (n = 7)		Control (n = 12)		ANOVA effects
	Baseline	Post-test	Baseline	Post-test	Baseline	Post-test	Interaction	Exposure	Time
TMT [s]	51.0 ± 16.9	40.9 ± 9.0	44.3 ± 8.9	40.3 ± 5.9	38.8 ± 10.9	40.8 ± 11.1	p = 0.051	p = 0.442	p = 0.060
WDST [n]	14.6 ± 1.8	16.0 ± 3.1^a	14.2 ± 3.0	15.6 ± 2.2^a	15.9 ± 4.1	17.5 ± 3.8^a	p = 0.974	p = 0.390	p = 0.022^*, $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.20
9HPT [s]	15.0 ± 1.8	15.3 ± 1.2	15.5 ± 1.7	15.3 ± 1.0	15.9 ± 1.0	15.4 ± 1.4	p = 0.429	p = 0.696	p = 0.514
SFreq [Hz]	4.3 ± 0.6	4.7 ± 0.4	4.7 ± 0.7	4.7 ± 0.8	4.7 ± 0.5	4.8 ± 0.4	p = 0.240	p = 0.510	p = 0.088
SPress [N]	1.7 ± 0.3^b	1.5 ± 0.4^a ^b	1.5 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4^a	1.2 ± 0.3^b	1.0 ± 0.2^a ^b	p = 0.957	p < 0.001^*, $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.47	p < 0.001^*, $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.31
CFreq [Hz]	4.7 ± 0.7	5.1 ± 0.6^a	4.8 ± 0.5	5.3 ± 0.3^a	4.9 ± 0.8	5.6 ± 0.4^a	p = 0.525	p = 0.275	p < 0.001^*, $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.41
CPress [N]	2.0 ± 0.6	2.3 ± 0.9	1.9 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.9	1.7 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.5	p = 0.068	p = 0.122	p = 1.000
GFTrack [RMS]	1.2 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1^a	1.2 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1^a	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	p < 0.001^*, $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.46	p = 0.792	p < 0.001^*, $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.54
FCFreq [Hz]	5.2 ± 0.6	4.8 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.6	4.2 ± 0.8	4.4 ± 0.8	4.8 ± 0.7	p = 0.056	p = 0.127	p = 0.745

^aSignificant time effect between baseline and post-test.

^bSignificant difference between the high exposure and control group at the given timepoint.

*p < 0.05. Values depicted as mean ± SD. Outcomes were controlled for the number of previous head injuries, educational level, player age at baseline, and years of soccer experience. TMT, Trail Making Test; WDST, Wechsler Digit Span Test; 9HPT, 9-Hole-Peg Test; S, sentence; Freq, frequency; C, circle; Press, pressure; GF, grip force; Track, tracking; FC, force change.