TABLE 2.
Partial modal data of anatomical structures with some information about the structures that generate the data for CAI calculations.
| Species structure |
Sapajus | Human | Chimpanzee | Gorilla | Papio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central portion | |||||||
| 1. Contrahentes muscles | Innervation | Ulnar nerve (16/16) | 0 | Identical to the model | 0 | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | All muscles originated from the proximal portion of the flexor retinaculum (16/16) | 0 | Identical to the model | 0 | Identical to the model | ||
| Insertion | Base of digits II–V, respectively (16/16) | 0 | Identical to the model | 0 | Identical to the model | ||
| Arterial supply | Palmar arch (16/16) | 0 | Both palmar arches | 0 | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | ||
| 2. Lumbricals | Innervation | I and II: median nerve; III and IV: ulnar nerve (12/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | Flexor digitorum profundus tendons under the flexor retinaculum (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | I: flexor pollicis longus tendon | Identical to the model | ||
| Insertion | Lateral side of the digital extensor from II to V fingers (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Arterial supply | Palmar arch (16/16) | Both palmar arches | Both palmar arches | Both palmar arches | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
| 3. Palmar interossei | Innervation | Ulnar nerve (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| I: lateral margin of metacarpal II | |||||||
| II: medial margin of metacarpal II and flexor retinaculum | |||||||
| III: medial margin of metacarpal IV | |||||||
| IV: medial margin of metacarpal V | |||||||
| Insertion | (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| I: proximal phalanx of digit II, medial portion | |||||||
| II: base of the proximal phalanx of digit III and metacarpophalangeal joint | |||||||
| III: base of the proximal phalanx of digit IV and metacarpophalangeal joint | |||||||
| IV: base of the proximal phalanx of digit V | |||||||
| Arterial supply | Ulnar artery branches (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 4 | 4 | 6–7 | 5 | 7 | ||
| 4. Dorsal interossei | Innervation | Ulnar nerve (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | I: additional origin from the pyramidal bone | Identical to the model | ||
| I: metacarpal I and II | |||||||
| II: metacarpal II and III | |||||||
| III: metacarpal III and IV | |||||||
| IV: metacarpal IV and V | |||||||
| Insertion | (16/16) | Identical to the model | IV: inserts onto the lateral side of metacarpal V | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| I: digit II at the lateral side of the proximal phalanx | |||||||
| II: digit II at the medial side of the proximal phalanx | |||||||
| III: digit III at the medial side of the proximal phalanx | |||||||
| IV: digit IV at the medial side of the proximal phalanx | |||||||
| Arterial supply | Palmar arch (16/16) | Both palmar arches | Both palmar arches | Both palmar arches | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
| Hypothenar muscles | |||||||
| 5. Palmaris brevis | Innervation | Ulnar nerve (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | Palmar aponeurosis (16/16) | Palmar aponeurosis and annular ligament | Identical to the model | Palmar aponeurosis, annular ligament, and pisiform | Identical to the model | ||
| Insertion | Medial part of the hand skin (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Arterial supply | Ulnar artery (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 6. Abductor digiti minimi | Innervation | Ulnar nerve (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | Pisiform and hamulus of hamate and medial portion of the flexor retinaculum (16/16) | Pisiform, carpal ulnar ligament, pisohamate ligament, and tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris | Pisiform and carpal ulnar ligament | Does not present an origin from the hamulus of the hamate | Pisiform and carpal ulnar ligament | ||
| Insertion | Digit V at the medial base of the proximal phalanx and metacarpophalangeal capsule (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Arterial supply | Ulnar artery (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 7. Flexor digiti minimi brevis | Innervation | Ulnar nerve (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | Flexor retinaculum (16/16) | Originates at the hamulus of the hamate and flexor retinaculum | Originates at the hamulus of the hamate and flexor retinaculum | Originates at the hamulus of the hamate and flexor retinaculum. Additional insertion onto the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint | Originates at the hamulus of the hamate and flexor retinaculum | ||
| Insertion | Digit V at the base of the proximal phalange (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Arterial supply | Ulnar artery branches (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 8. Opponens digiti minimi | Innervation | Ulnar nerve (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | Hamulus of the hamate, pisiform bone, and flexor retinaculum (16/16) | Hamulus of the hamate and flexor retinaculum | Hamulus of the hamate and flexor retinaculum | Hamulus of the hamate and flexor retinaculum | Hamulus of the hamate and flexor retinaculum | ||
| Insertion | Medial margin at the distal end of metacarpal V and the metacarpophalangeal capsule (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Arterial supply | Ulnar artery (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Thenar muscles | |||||||
| 9. Abductor pollicis brevis | Innervation | Ulnar nerve (16/16) | Identical to the model and branches from the median nerve | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | Palmar aponeurosis, flexor retinaculum, and scaphoid bone (16/16) | Origin at the trapezium and scaphoid† and flexor retinaculum | Trapezium bone and flexor retinaculum | Trapezium bone and flexor retinaculum | Trapezium bone and flexor retinaculum | ||
| Insertion | Digit I at the lateral base of the proximal phalanx (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Arterial supply | Radial artery (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 10. Flexor pollicis brevis | Innervation | Median nerve (16/16) | Radial head: median nerve; ulnar head: ulnar nerve | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | Medial portion at the distal end of the palmar aponeurosis and distal portion of the flexor retinaculum (16/16) | Two heads that originate from the flexor retinaculum and tuberculum of trapezium, trapezoid, and capitate | Similar to humans. Ulnar head is present in 3/12 | Similar to humans. Ulnar head is present in 1/16 | Origin at the trapezoid and metacarpal II | ||
| Insertion | Digit I at the antero-medial side of the proximal phalanx and articular capsule (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Arterial supply | Radial artery (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 11. Opponens pollicis | Innervation | Median nerve (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | Trapezium and trapezium–metacarpal I articular capsule (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Insertion | Anterior side of metacarpal I and the base of the metacarpophalangeal joint (16/16) | Lateral side of metacarpal 1 | Similar to humans | Similar to humans | Similar to humans | ||
| Arterial supply | Radial artery (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 12. Adductor pollicis | Innervation | Ulnar nerve (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | |
| Origin | Oblique head: metacarpal II diaphysis, capitate, and scaphoid. Transverse head: distal end of metacarpal III (16/16) | Origin at capitate and metacarpal II and III | Similar to humans | Origin at the base of metacarpals I, II, and/or III; tendon of contrahentes; and metacarpophalangeal joints II and III | Origin at the base of metacarpals II and III; tendon of contrahentes; and metacarpophalangeal joints II and III | ||
| Insertion | Digit I at the medial portion of the base of the proximal phalanx (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Arterial supply | Radial artery (16/16) | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | Identical to the model | ||
| Number of muscles in the species | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||