ADP	adenosine diphosphate
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate protein kinase
APAF-1	apoptotic protease activating factor 1
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BAX	Bcl2-associated X protein
BNIP3	Bcl-2-interacting protein 3
Ca2+	calcium
Clec16a	C-type lectin domain containing 16a
cGAS-STING	cyclic GMP-AMP synthase - stimulator of interferon genes
DIMT1	dimethyladenosine transferase 1
DRP-1	dynamin-related protein 1
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ETC	electron transport chain
FFA	free fatty acids
GCK/HKIV	glucokinase/hexokinase IV
GDH	glutamate dehydrogenase
GLUT1/2/3	glucose transporters 1/2/3
GSIS	glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
GTP	guanosine triphosphate
HFD	high fat diet
HIF-1α	hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α
ICD	isocitrate dehydrogenase
IFNγ	interferon gamma
IGF-1	insulin growth factor 1
IL-1⍺/β	interleukin 1 alpha/beta
IL6	interleukin 6
MCU	mitochondrial calcium uniporter
MELAS	mitochondrial encephalopathy associated with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes
MFN1/2	mitofusin 1/2
MICU1/2	mitochondrial calcium uptake 1/2
MIDD	maternally inherited diabetes and deafness
MIRO1	mitochondrial Rho protein 1
MMP	mitochondrial membrane potential
MPC1/2	mitochondrial pyruvate carriers 1/2
MOTS-c	mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c
MRPs	mitoribosomal proteins
mtDAMPs	mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns
mt-ND2	mitochondrial gene NADH dehydrogenase 2
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
mtROS	mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
NAD/H	nicotinamide dinucleotide/reduced
NFκB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NOD SCID	nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency
OPA-1	optic atrophy 1
OXPHOS	oxidative phosphorylation
PAK1	p21 activated kinase 1
PC	pyruvate carboxylase
PDH	pyruvate dehydrogenase
PD-L1	programmed cell death ligand 1
PEP	phosphoenolpyruvate
PINK1	PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
PK	pyruvate kinase
PM	plasma membrane
PPP	pentose phosphate pathway
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SASP	senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SC	stem cell
SDH	succinate dehydrogenase
SENP1	sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 1
SERCA	sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase
T1D	type 1 diabetes
T2D	type 2 diabetes
TCA	tricarboxylic acid cycle/citric acid cycle
TCR	T cell receptor
TFB1M	mitochondrial transcription factor B1
TFB2M	mitochondrial transcription factor B2
TFEB	transcription factor EB
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
UCP2	uncoupling protein 2
UPR	unfolded protein response
VGCC	voltage gated calcium channel