. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Autism. 2023 Aug 23;28(5):1135–1149. doi: 10.1177/13623613231193194

Table 3.

Results of linear regression modeling Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition scores in children with autism spectrum disorder, Study to Explore Early Development phases one (birth years 2003–2006) and two (birth years 2008–2011)

				VABS-II Score
				Composite		Communication		Daily Living Skills		Socialization		Motor Skills
	Model		Variables Added	R² (%)	ΔR² (%)	R² (%)	ΔR² (%)	R² (%)	ΔR² (%)	R² (%)	ΔR² (%)	R² (%)	ΔR² (%)
Overall			n	1278		1291		1291		1291		1291
		1a	Demographics^a	13.2	NA	17.2	NA	14.1	NA	10.5	NA	6.0	NA
		2a	+ MSEL Composite Raw Score^b	64.3	51.1^***	75.2	58.0^***	54.8	40.7^***	43.5	33.0^***	37.9	31.9^***
		3a	+ ADOS Calibrated Severity Score	64.4	0.0	75.3	0.1^*	55.0	0.2^*	43.9	0.4^**	37.9	0.0
		4a	+ Interaction^c	64.4	0.0	75.3	0.0	55.0	0.0	44.0	0.2	38.4	0.5^**
		5a	+ CBCL Total T-Score	67.2	2.8^***	76.4	1.1^***	57.3	2.3^***	48.9	4.9^***	39.5	1.0^***
MSEL Early Learning Composite	≤70		n	794		802		802		802		802
		1b	Demographics^a	10.4	NA	11.0	NA	15.7	NA	9.2	NA	6.6	NA
		2b	+ MSEL Composite Raw Score^b	61.4	50.9^***	71.2	60.2^***	53.8	38.1^***	42.9	33.8^***	30.8	24.1^***
		3b	+ ADOS Calibrated Severity Score	61.4	0.0	71.4	0.1^*	53.8	0.0	43.7	0.8^**	31.2	0.4^*
		4b	+ Interaction^c	61.5	0.1	71.4	0.1	53.9	0.1	43.8	0.1	31.3	0.0
		5b	+ CBCL Total T-Score	63.6	2.2^***	72.1	0.7^***	56.1	2.1^***	47.7	3.9^***	31.9	0.6^*
	>70		n	484		489		489		489		489
		1c	Demographics^a	13.3	NA	20.0	NA	11.4	NA	11.2	NA	9.6	NA
		2c	+ MSEL Composite Raw Score^b	20.1	6.9^***	33.4	13.4^***	14.9	3.5^**	12.3	1.2^*	13.0	3.4^**
		3c	+ ADOS Calibrated Severity Score	20.4	0.3	33.8	0.4	15.7	0.9^*	12.5	0.1	14.0	1.1^*
		4c	+ Interaction^c	20.6	0.1	33.8	0.0	15.9	0.2	13.0	0.6	14.4	0.4
		5c	+ CBCL Total T-Score	28.7	8.1^***	39.0	5.2^***	20.2	4.3^***	22.0	9.0^***	16.9	2.5^**

p-value <0.05,

^**

p-value <0.01,

^***

p-value <0.0001

VABS-II: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition; MSEL: Mullen Scales of Early Learning; ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition; CBCL: Childhood Behavior Checklist; NA: not applicable.

Demographic variables: child’s sex, child’s race and ethnicity, child’s age at administration of MSEL, child’s birth order, household income, primary language spoken in the home, maternal age at enrollment (and the quadratic term), maternal education, mother’s place of birth, and study site.

Includes MSEL Composite Raw Score + MSEL Composite Raw Score²

Interaction between MSEL variables and ADOS CSS