Fig. 2.

Mild COVID-19 cases have a pronounced pro-inflammatory gut mucosal cytokine response. (A) Hierarchical clustered heatmap of cytokines from faecal samples in both INSTINCT (n = 45) and ISARIC4C (n = 43) cohorts. Further annotated with severity group, age group and time from symptom onset to sample acquisition group. (B) Principal component analysis showing clustering of cytokines according to severity group (n = 88). Cytokine loadings associated with PCA shown in Supplementary Fig. 6 (C) Distance of cytokines from the clustered severity group centroid (n = 88). (D) Concentrations of 8 cytokines in faecal samples stratified by severity groups. Results of Kruskal Wallis tests with Dunn’s multiple comparison tests are displayed *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.