Table 1.

Spin criteria by Nguyen et al. [27].

Assessment	Criteria
Spin strategies
Strategy 1	Authors pivoted on statistically significant secondary results in the form of focus on within-group comparison.
Strategy 2	Authors interpreted statistically nonsignificant results of the primary outcomes to show treatment equivalence or to rule out an adverse event.
Strategy 3	Authors emphasized the beneficial effect of the treatment with or without acknowledging the statistically nonsignificant primary outcome.
Strategy 4	Other/undefined/multiple strategies.
Overall grade
Grade A	Spin in the title or abstract conclusions.
Grade B	Spin elsewhere in the abstract or in the conclusion.
Grade C	Spin not in the abstract or conclusion.