Definitive host species |
Canidae: |
Canis latrans (Coyote) |
Canada, USA |
Garrett et al., 2023; Santa et al., 2023
|
Canis lupus (Wolf) |
Canada, USA, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Russia (Yakutia) |
Nakao et al., 2013; Schurer et al., 2014; Cerda and Ballweber, 2018; Laurimäe et al., 2023
|
|
Intermediate host species |
Cervidae: |
Alces alces (Moose) |
Canada, USA, Estonia, Russia (Yakutia) |
Nakao et al., 2013; Priest et al., 2021; Laurimäe et al., 2023
|
Capreolus capreolus (Western Roe Deer) |
Estonia |
Laurimäe et al. (2023) |
Cervus canadensis (Wapiti) |
Canada, USA |
Thompson et al., 2006; Cerda and Ballweber, 2018
|
Odocoileus hemionus (Mule Deer) |
USA |
Cerda and Ballweber (2018) |
Bovidae: |
Ovibos moschatus (Muskox) |
Canada |
Schurer et al. (2013) |