Definitive host species |
Canidae: |
Canis latrans (Coyote) |
Canada, USA |
Santa et al., 2018; Schurer et al., 2018
|
Canis lupus (Wolf) |
Canada, USA, Finland, Estonia, ‘eastern Europe’, Russia (Yakutia), Mongolia |
Moks et al., 2006; Thompson et al., 2006; Ito et al., 2013; Nakao et al., 2013; Oksanen and Lavikainen, 2015; Cerda and Ballweber, 2018
|
|
Intermediate host species |
Cervidae: |
Alces alces (Moose) |
Canada, USA, Finland, Estonia, Russia (Arkhangelsk and Yakutia) |
Thompson et al., 2006; Nakao et al., 2013; Laurimäe et al., 2023
|
Cervus canadensis (Wapiti) |
Canada, USA, Russia (Yakutia) |
Thompson et al., 2006; Cerda and Ballweber, 2018; Wassermann et al., 2023
|
Odocoileus hemionus (Mule Deer) |
USA |
Cerda and Ballweber (2018) |
Rangifer tarandus (Reindeer) |
Canada, USA |
Schurer et al., 2013; Yanagida et al., 2017
|