Table 4.
Host records of Echinococcus multilocularis.
| Host species | area | Reference (exempl.) |
|---|---|---|
| Definitive host species | ||
| Canidae: | ||
| Canis aureus (Golden Jackal) | Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Switzerland‚ ‘Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan’, Iran | Shaikenov, 2006; Beiromvand et al., 2011; Szell et al., 2013; Sindičić et al., 2018; Miljević et al., 2021; Bandelj et al., 2022; Frey et al., 2022 |
| Canis latrans (Coyote) | USA, Canada | Massolo et al. (2014) |
| Canis lupus (Wolf) | Latvia, Slovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Uzbekistan, China, Mongolia, Canada, USA | Rausch, 1995; Massolo et al., 2014; Deplazes et al., 2017; Lesniak et al., 2017; Romig et al., 2017; Andreyanov, 2020; Brandell et al., 2022; Safarov et al., 2023; Umhang et al., 2023; Akyuz et al., 2024 |
| Nyctereutes procyonoides (Raccoon Dog) | Denmark, Germany, Austria, Poland, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Japan | Hurníková et al., 2009; Bagrade et al., 2016; Deplazes et al., 2017; Duscher et al., 2017; Romig et al., 2017; Petersen et al., 2018; Pilarczyk et al., 2022 |
| Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Northern Grey Fox) | USA | Vusse et al. (1978) |
| Vulpes corsac (Corsac Fox) | Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadjikistan, China | Rausch, 1967; Shaikenov, 2006; Tang et al., 2006; Safarov et al., 2023 |
| Vulpes ferrilata (Tibetan Fox) | China | Jiang et al. (2012) |
| Vulpes lagopus (Arctic Fox) | Russia, Alaska, Svalbard Archipelago, Canada | Rausch, 1995; Shaikenov, 2006; Gesy et al., 2014; Deplazes et al., 2017; Romig et al., 2017 |
| Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox) | throughout Europe, Asia and North America | Deplazes et al., 2017; Romig et al., 2017 |
| Felidae | ||
| Felis lybica (African Wildcat) | Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan | Rausch, 1995; Safarov et al., 2023 |
| Felis silvestris (European Wildcat) | France, Germany, Luxembourg | Steeb, 2015; Umhang et al., 2015 |
| Lynx lynx (Eurasian Lynx) | Russia, Turkey | Avcioglu et al., 2018; Pomamarev et al., 2011 |
| Intermediate host species | ||
| Rodentiaa: | ||
| - Myocastoridae: | ||
| Myocastor coypus (Coypu) | France, Germany, Slovenia | Umhang et al., 2013; Romig et al., 2017; Križman et al., 2022 |
| - Sciuridae: | ||
| Marmota baibacina (Grey Marmot) | Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan | Shaikenov and Torgerson, 2002; Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev, 2004 |
| Marmota bobak (Bobak Marmot) | Russia, Kazakhstan | Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002) |
| Marmota caudata (Long-tailed Marmot) | Kazakhstan | Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004) |
| Marmota marmota (Alpine Marmot) | France | Callait (2003) |
| Sciurus vulgaris (Eurasian Red Squirrel) | Russia | Rausch (1995) |
| Spermophilus alashanicus (Alashan Ground Squirrel) | China | Li et al. (1985) |
| Spermophilus dauricus (Daurian Ground Squirrel) | China | Wang et al. (2008) |
| Spermophilus erythrogenys (Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel) | China | Wang et al. (2008) |
| Spermophilus pygmaeus (Little Ground Squirrel) | Kazakhstan | Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002) |
| Spermophilus relictus (Relict Ground Squirrel) | Kyrgyzstan | Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004) |
| Tamias striatus (Eastern Chipmunk) | Canada | French et al. (2018) |
| Urocitellus undulatus (Long-tailed Ground Squirrel) | Russia | Rausch (1995) |
| - Gliridae: | ||
| Dryomys nitedula (Eurasian Forest Dormouse) | Kyrgyzstan | Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004) |
| - Castoridae: | ||
| Castor fiber (Eurasian Beaver) | Germany, Switzerland, Austria | Janovsky et al., 2002; Campbell-Palmer et al., 2015; Posautz et al., 2015 |
| - Spalacidae: | ||
| Eospalax fontanierii (Fontanier's Zokor) | China | Zhao et al. (2009) |
| Myospalax myospalax (Altai Zokor) | Kazakhstan | Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002) |
| - Cricetidae (Arvicolinae): | ||
| Alexandromys limnophilus (Lacustrine Vole) | China | Giraudoux et al. (2013) |
| Alexandromys middendorffii (Middendorff's Vole) | Russia | Rausch (1995) |
| Alexandromys oeconomus (Root Vole) | Russia, Kazakhstan, Alaska | Rausch, 1995; Bessonov, 1998; Shaikenov and Torgerson, 2002 |
| Alticola argentatus (Silver Mountain Vole) | Kyrgyzstan | Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004) |
| Alticola olchonensis (Lake Baikal Mountain Vole) | Russia | Konyaev et al. (2013) |
| Alticola strelzowi (Strelzow's Mountain Vole) | Russia | Konyaev et al. (2013) |
| Arvicola spp. (Water Voles) | France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Romania; Russia; Kazakhstan, China | Rausch, 1995; Shaikenov and Torgerson, 2002; Sikó Barabási et al., 2011; Deplazes et al., 2017; Romig et al., 2017 |
| Chionomys nivalis (European Snow Vole) | Bulgaria, Romania | Genov et al., 1980; Sikó Barabási et al., 2011 |
| Chionomys roberti (Robert's Snow Vole) | Georgia | Rausch, 1995 |
| Clethrionomys gapperi (Southern Red-backed Vole) | Canada | Liccioli et al. (2013) |
| Clethrionomys glareolus (Bank Vole) | Belgium, France, Switzerland, Germany, Czech Republic, Romania, Latvia, Russia | Rausch, 1995; Sikó Barabási et al., 2011; Deplazes et al., 2017; Romig et al., 2017; Kokolova et al., 2021 |
| Clethrionomys rutilus (Northern Red-backed Vole) | Russia, Japan, Alaska | Rausch, 1995; Shaikenov and Torgerson, 2002; Romig et al., 2017 |
| Craseomys rex (Hokkaido Red-backed Vole) | Japan | Takahashi and Nakata (1995) |
| Craseomys rufocanus (Grey Red-backed Vole) | Russia, Japan | Rausch (1995) |
| Dicrostonyx torquatus (Palearctic Collared Lemming) | Russia | Bessonov (1998) |
| Ellobius talpinus (Northern Mole Vole) | Kyrgyzstan | Rausch (1995) |
| Ellobius tancrei (Eastern Mole Vole) | Kyrgyzstan, China | Afonso et al. (2015); Guo et al. (2021) |
| Lagurus lagurus (Steppe Vole) | Russia, Kazakhstan | Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002) |
| Lasiopodomys brandtii (Brandt's Vole) | China | Tang (1988) |
| Lasiopodomys gregalis (Narrow-headed Vole) | Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China | Rausch (1995); Bessonov, 1998; Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002); Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004); Fu et al. (2021) |
| Lemmus lemmus (Norway Brown Lemming) | Russia | Peklo, 2014, EFSA, 2015 |
| Lemmus sibiricus (Siberian Brown Lemming) | Russia | Rausch (1995); Bessonov, 1998 |
| Microtus agrestis (Short-tailed Field Vole) | Sweden, France, Russia | Abuladze (1964); Shaikenov, 2006; Miller et al. (2016); Umhang et al. (2016) |
| Microtus arvalis (incl. obscurus) (Common Vole) | Central Europe to central Asia | Deplazes et al. (2017); Romig et al. (2017) |
| Microtus guentheri (Levant Vole) | Turkey | Gürler et al. (2023) |
| Microtus hartingi (Harting's Vole) | Turkey | Gürler et al. (2023) |
| Microtus ilaeus (Tian Shan Vole) | China | Wang et al. (2008) |
| Microtus irani (Iranian Vole) | Turkey | Gürler et al. (2023) |
| Microtus juldaschi (Juniper Vole) | Kyrgyzstan | Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004) |
| Microtus mystacinus (syn. M. levis, M. rossiaemeridionalis) (East European Vole) | Svalbard Archipelago, Turkey | Henttonen et al. (2001); Gürler et al. (2023) |
| Microtus pennsylvanicus (Meadow Vole) | USA, Canada | Massolo et al. (2014) |
| Microtus socialis (Social Vole) | Russia, Georgia | Rausch (1995) |
| Microtus subterraneus (Common Pine Vole) | France | Delattre et al. (1990) |
| Microtus transcaspicus (Transcaspian Vole) | Iran | Beiromvand et al. (2013) |
| Neodon fuscus (Smoky Mountain Vole) | China | Giraudoux et al. (2013); Wang et al. (2018) |
| Neodon irene (Irene Mountain Vole) | China | Giraudoux et al. (2013) |
| Neodon leucurus (Blyth's Mountain Vole) | China | Giraudoux et al. (2013) |
| Ondatra zibethicus (Muskrat) | France, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, USA, Canada | Rausch (1995); Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004); Shaikenov, 2006; Oksanen et al. (2016); Romig et al. (2017); Martini et al. (2022); Thiele et al. (2023); Trudeau et al. (2023) |
| Cricetidae (Cricetinae): | ||
| Cricetulus barabensis (Striped Dwarf Hamster) | Russia | Abuladze (1964) |
| Cricetulus kamensis (Tibetan Dwarf Hamster) | China | Giraudoux et al. (2013) |
| Cricetulus migratorius (Grey Dwarf Hamster) | Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan | Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002); Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004); Gürler et al. (2023) |
| - Cricetidae (Neotominae): | ||
| Peromyscus maniculatus (North American Deermouse) | USA, Canada | Massolo et al. (2014) |
| - Muridae (Gerbillinae) | ||
| Meriones libycus (Libyan Jird) | Kazakhstan | Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002) |
| Meriones meridianus (Midday Jird) | Uzbekistan | Shaikenov (2006) |
| Meriones persicus (Persian Jird) | Azerbaijan | Aslanova and Fataliyev (2022) |
| Meriones unguiculatus (Mongolian Jird) | Russia, China | Rausch (1995); Wang et al. (2008) |
| Rhombomys opimus (Great Gerbil) | Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, China | Rausch (1995); Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002); Shaikenov, 2006; Fu et al., (2021) |
| - Muridae (Murinae) | ||
| Apodemus agrarius (Striped Field Mouse) | Belarus, Romania, Russia, Kazakhstan | Rausch (1995); Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002); Sikó Barabási et al., 2011 |
| Apodemus argenteus (Small Japanese Field Mouse) | Japan | Tsukada et al. (2002) |
| Apodemus sylvaticus/uralensis (Long-tailed Field Mouse) | Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China | Rausch (1995); Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002); Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004); Pliyeva and Uspenskii (2006); Guo et al. (2021); Aslanova and Fataliyev (2022)t |
| Apodemus witherbyi (Steppe Field Mouse) | Iran | Beiromvand et al. (2013) |
| Mus macedonicus (Macedonian Mouse) | Turkey | Gürler et al. (2023) |
| Mus musculus (House Mouse) | France, Russia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, China, Japan, USA | Leiby and Kritsky (1972); Takahashi et al. (1986); Petavy et al. (1990); Abdyjaparov and Kuttubaev (2004); Wang et al. (2008); Beiromvand et al. (2013); Aslanova and Fataliyev (2022) |
| Nesokia indica (Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat) | Iran | Rausch (1967) |
| Rattus norvegicus (Brown Rat) | Japan | Okamoto et al. (1992) |
| - Dipodidae: | ||
| Pygeretmus pumilio (Dwarf Fat-tailed Jerboa) | Kazakhstan | Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002) |
| Scarturus elater (Small Five-toed Jerboa) | Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan | Rausch (1995); Shaikenov and Torgerson (2002) |
| Lagomorpha: | ||
| Lepus europaeus (European Hare) | Switzerland | Chaignat et al. (2015) |
| Lepus oiostolus (Woolly Hare) | China | Xiao et al. (2004) |
| Ochotona curzoniae (Plateau Pika) | China | Giraudoux et al. (2013) |
| Ochotona dauurica (Daurian Pika) | Russia, China | Rausch (1995); Zhao et al. (2009) |
| Ochotona pallasii (Pallas's Pika) | Russia | Rausch (1995) |
| Ochotona rufescens (Afghan Pika) | Iran | Beiromvand et al. (2013) |
| Ochotona sp. | Kyrgyzstan | Rausch (1995) (as O. roylei) |
| Eulipotyphla (‘insectivores’): | ||
| Crocidura suaveolens (syn. C. gmelini) (Lesser White-toothed Shrew) | Iran | Beiromvand et al. (2013) |
| Sorex unguiculatus (Long-clawed Shrew) | Japan | Takahashi and Uraguchi (1994) |
| Sorex jacksoni (Saint Lawrence Island Shrew) | Alaska | Obayashi et al. (1971) |
| Talpa altaica (Altai Mole) | Russia | Rausch (1995) |
a
Nomenclature of rodent hosts was updated following Wilson et al. (2016), 2017, except for the re-establishment of Clethrionomys (see Kryštufek et al., 2020).