Table-1.

Summary of antimicrobial activity of agents derived from R. ferrugineus.

No.	Type of antimicrobial agent from R. ferrugineus	Methods of testing	Susceptible microbial strains	References
1	AMP, such as attacin-B-like protein, cecropin-A1-like peptide	Mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics analysis	Gram-negative strains, specifically E. coli C1a and Pseudomonas spp. OX1, as well as Gram-positive strains, namely B. subtilis ATCC 6051 and M. luteus ATCC 4698	[18, 19]
2	Methanol and pentane from R. ferrugineus larvae cuticular surface extracts	In vitro by testing antimicrobial activity in larvae cuticular surface compound suspension	B. subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana	[14]
3	Different parts of R. ferrugineus’s digestive tract	In vitro by utilizing the agar well diffusion method	Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Klebsiella spp.), C. albicans, and Penicillium spp	[16]
4	Enzyme phenoloxidase	In vivo with immune priming using bacteria and spectrophotometric phenoloxidase assay of collected hemolymph	E. coli and Serratia marcescens	[43, 44]

R. ferrugineus=Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, E. coli=Escherichia coli, B. subtilis=Bacillus subtilis, M. luteus=Micrococcus luteus