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. 2023 Nov 30;119(2):456–469. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.018

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Fecal pH and calprotectin, Enterobacteriaceae and sum of the genes of the 7 targeted pathogens in Kenyan infants (n = 191) receiving daily a cereal containing 3.6 mg iron as ferrous fumarate and either 7.5 g of galacto-oligosaccharides/fructo-oligosaccharides (GOS/FOS) (Fe+7.5 g GF group) (n = 52), or 3 g GOS/FOS (Fe+3 g GF group) (n = 61), or no prebiotics (Fe alone group) (n = 60). (A) Fecal pH by group at baseline and after the 3-week intervention (end point). (B) Fecal calprotectin, a measure of gut inflammation, by group at baseline and end point. (C) Log gene copies/g feces of Enterobacteriaceae spp. by group at baseline and end point. (D) Log gene copies/g feces of the sum of all pathogens by group at baseline and end point. We assessed the effects of the intervention on fecal pH, calprotectin, Enterobacteriaceae and sum of pathogen genes by plotting linear mixed models. We defined the fixed effects on the variance as time, group, time-by-group, and age. The random structure was defined as the subject. The boxplots indicate the median and interquartile range (IQR), and the whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum values. The asterisks indicate significant difference based on a P value (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗ P < 0.05).