Table 2.
Results of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk samples (in ng/g lipid and in ng/g breast milk) of 18 Austrian women sampled in 2013 (ranges, medians) and results from the Austrian pooled WHO/UNEP monitoring programme breast milk sample (in ng/g lipid). Table also includes results of calculated daily PBDE intakes (average and high intakes) via breast milk consumption in infants based on breast milk samples from 18 Austrian women sampled in 2013 (in ng/kg bodyweight/d) and results of daily PBDE intakes (average and high intakes) from other European studies listed in EFSA (2011) [21].
| PBDE Congener Concentrations in Breast Milk from Austrian Women from 2013 (Pilot Study) | WHO Pooled Sample from 2014–2016 1 | Daily Intake via Breast Milk Consumption [ng/kg bw/d] 2 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [ng/g lipid] | [ng/g breast milk] | [ng/g lipid] | Average intake (present study) | EFSA 3 Average intake |
High intake (present study) | EFSA High intake |
|||||||
| Substance | n | n < LOD | range | median | range | median | range | median (mean) | range | median (mean) |
range | ||
| BDE-15 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BDE-17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0017 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BDE-28 | 18 | 5 | n.d.–0.38 | 0.048 | n.d.–0.012 | <LOQ | 0.0256 | 0.0–1.57 | 0.17 (0.60) | <0.05–1.38 | 0.0–2.36 | 0.26 (0.90) | <0.07–2.06 |
| BDE-47 | 18 | 6 | n.d.–6.0 | 0.32 | n.d.–0.20 | <LOQ | 0.412 | 0.0–26.2 | 1.84 (6.11) | 0.64–13.77 | 0.0–39.3 | 2.75 (9.17) | 0.96–20.64 |
| BDE-49 | 18 | 11 | n.d.–0.67 | n.d. | n.d.–0.021 | n.d. | 0.01 | 0.0–2.75 | 0.0 (0.32) | - | 0.0–4.13 | 0.0 (0.48) | - |
| BDE-66 | 18 | 11 | n.d.–0.48 | n.d. | n.d.–0.015 | n.d. | <LOQ | 0.0–1.97 | 0.0 (0.25) | - | 0.0–2.95 | 0.0 (0.37) | - |
| BDE-75 | - | - | - | - | - | - | <LOQ | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BDE-77 | 18 | 12 | n.d.–0.38 | n.d. | n.d.–0.012 | n.d. | <LOQ | 0.0–1.57 | 0.0 (0.17) | - | 0.0–2.36 | 0.0 (0.25) | - |
| BDE-85 | 18 | 18 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | - | 0.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | - | 0.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | - |
| BDE-99 | 18 | 6 | n.d.–2.4 | 0.153 | n.d.–0.11 | <LOQ | 0.128 | 0.0–14.43 | 0.79 (3.05) | <0.14–5.05 | 0.0–21.64 | 1.18 (4.57) | <0.14–7.57 |
| BDE-100 | 18 | 4 | n.d.–1.1 | 0.16 | n.d.–0.034 | 0.0065 | 0.126 | 0.0–4.46 | 0.85 (1.23) | 0.18–4.59 | 0.0–6.69 | 1.28 (1.85) | 0.28–6.88 |
| BDE-118 | 18 | 12 | n.d.–0.38 | n.d. | n.d.–0.012 | n.d. | - | 0.0–1.57 | 0.0 (0.18) | - | 0.0–2.36 | 0.0 (0.27) | - |
| BDE-119 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BDE-126 | 18 | 17 | n.d.–0.024 | n.d. | n.d.–0.0011 | n.d. | - | 0.0–0.14 | 0.0 (0.01) | - | 0.0–0.22 | 0.0 (0.01) | - |
| BDE-138 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0042 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BDE-139 | 18 | 14 | n.d.–0.25 | n.d. | n.d.–0.0079 | n.d. | - | 0.0–1.04 | 0.0 (0.10) | - | 0.0–1.55 | 0.0 (0.15) | - |
| BDE-153 | 18 | 2 | n.d.–0.86 | 0.23 | n.d.–0.028 | 0.011 | 0.548 | 0.0–5.51 | 1.44 (1.54) | 0.46–11.02 | 0.0–5.51 | 2.16 (2.31) | 0.69–16.51 |
| BDE-154 | 18 | 12 | n.d.–1.3 | n.d. | n.d.–0.041 | n.d. | 0.0124 | 0.0–5.38 | 0.0 (0.57) | <0.05–2.30 | 0.0–8.07 | 0.0 (0.85) | <0.07–3.44 |
| BDE-181 | 18 | 18 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | - | 0.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | - | 0.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | - |
| BDE-183 | 18 | 3 | n.d.–0.37 | 0.054 | n.d.–0.012 | <LOQ | 0.05 | 0.0–1.57 | 0.25 (0.52) | 0.23–1.38 | 0.0–2.36 | 0.37 (0.78) | 0.34–2.06 |
| BDE-190 | - | - | - | - | - | - | <LOQ | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BDE-196 | 18 | 13 | n.d.–0.21 | n.d. | n.d.–0.011 | n.d. | - | 0.0–1.44 | 0.0 (0.19) | - | 0.0–2.16 | 0.0 (0.29) | - |
| BDE-197 | 18 | 1 | n.d.–0.39 | 0.095 | n.d.–0.020 | <LOQ | - | 0.0–2.62 | 0.70 (0.75) | - | 0.0–3.93 | 1.04 (1.13) | - |
| BDE-203 | 18 | 13 | n.d.–0.35 | n.d. | n.d.–0.018 | n.d. | 1.35 | 0.0–2.36 | 0.0 (0.30) | - | 0.0–3.54 | 0.0 (0.45) | - |
| BDE-206 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.35 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BDE-207 | 18 | 9 | n.d.–2.5 | 0.035 | n.d.–0.13 | <LOQ | 0.24 | 0.0–17.1 | 1.93 (3.51) | - | 0.0–25.6 | 2.90 (5.27) | - |
| BDE-208 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BDE-209 | 18 | 8 | n.d.–43 | 9.5 | n.d.–2.2 | <LOQ | - | 0.0–289 | 57.1 (70.4) | 0.96–13.31 | 0.0–433 | 85.6 (106) | 1.44–19.95 |
| Sum 8 BDE 4 | 18 | 1 | n.d.–12.5 | 1.06 | n.d.–0.39 | 0.056 | - | 0.0–51.5 | 7.32 (13.34) | - | 0.0–77.3 | 10.98 (20.02) | - |
| Sum PBDE | 18 | 0 | 0.055–52 | 11 | 0.002–2.53 | 0.47 | 4.38 5 | 0.28–332 | 61.90 (89.78) | - | 0.41–497 | 92.84 (135) | - |
| Technical mixtures | |||||||||||||
| TetraBDE 6 | 18 | 6 | n.d.–0.238 | 0.0169 | n.d.–7.53 | 0.423 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| PentaBDE 7 | 18 | 3 | n.d.–0.134 | 0.0135 | n.d.–3.88 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| HexaBDE 8 | 18 | 2 | n.d.–0.0759 | 0.0125 | n.d.–2.41 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| HeptaBDE 9 | 18 | 3 | n.d.–0.012 | 0.0019 | n.d.–0.37 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| OctaBDE 10 | 18 | 1 | n.d.–0.044 | 0.0063 | n.d.–0.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Abbreviations: LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; n: sample size; n.d.: not detected. 1 pooled breast milk sample from 34 Austrian women aged 21–36 years from 2014 to 2016. 2 daily intakes were calculated based on results of PBDE congener concentrations in individual breast milk samples of this study (n = 18) according to the calculation procedure published in EFSA (2011) [21] and considering the following assumptions: 800 mL breast milk consumption per day for average intake, 1200 mL breast milk consumption per day for high intake and 6.1 kg infant bodyweight. 3 Source: EFSA (2011) [21]. 4 sum of BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-66, BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154. 5 sum of BDE-15, BDE-17, BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-49, BDE-66, BDE-75, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-119, BDE-138, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183, BDE-190, BDE-203, BDE-204, BDE-207 and BDE208. 6 TetraBDE: sum of BDE-47, BDE-49, BDE-66 and BDE-77. 7 PentaBDE: sum of BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-118 and BDE-126. 8 HexaBDE: sum of BDE-139, BDE-153 and BDE-154. 9 HeptaBDE: sum of BDE-181 and BDE-183. 10 OctaBDE: sum of BDE-196, BDE-197 and BDE-203.