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(a) Schematic of the typical CL and ECL light intensity (setup) based detections and (b) CL and ECL microscopy-based detection/imaging setup for single particle detection. Note: CL based detection/imaging does not require an electrochemical workstation (potentiostat). Schematic drawing of confocal microscopy setup (c), objective-type TIRFM setup (d), and prism-type TIRFM setup (e).
