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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 23.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2011 May 13;42(1):1–13. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711000742

Table 4:

Lifetime prevalences of potential spectrum disorders in case (OCD-affected) and control first-degree relatives

Diagnoses11 Case
relatives1
(n = 974)		 Control
relatives2
(n = 233)		 χ2/FE 3
p-value		 DP4 NNH5 OR 6 95% CI 7 AOR8 95% CI AOR9 95% CI AOR10 95% CI
n % n %
obsessive-compulsive disorder 524 55 16 7 <0.0005 48 2 16 10-28
separation anxiety disorder 140 15 13 6 <0.0005 10 10 3.0 1.6-5.4 3.2 1.8-6.0 2.8 1.5-5.2 1.4 0.7-3.0
panic disorder 118 12 10 4 <0.0005 8 12 3.1 1.6-6.0 3.4 1.8-6.7 2.7 1.4-5.4 1.6 0.7-3.3
agoraphobia 93 10 2 1 <0.0005 9 11 12 3.0-50 12 3.0-50 10 2.6-43 5.8 1.4-24
specific phobia 293 31 56 24 0.05 6 15 1.4 1.0-1.9
social phobia 303 32 54 23 0.01 9 12 1.5 1.1-2.2 1.7 1.2-2.4 1.6 1.1-2.3 1.0 0.6-1.4
generalized anxiety disorder 303 32 9 4 <0.0005 28 4 11 5.8-23 12 5.8-23 8.0 4.0-16 4.2 2.0-8.8
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder 182 22 13 6 <0.0005 16 6 4.2 2.3-7.5 4.2 2.3-7.5 3.6 1.9-6.6 2.2 1.1-4.1
avoidant personality disorder 59 7 3 1 0.002 6 17 5.3 1.6-17 5.2 1.6-17 4.6 1.4-15 1.6 0.5-5.6
dependent personality disorder 19 2 0 0 0.02 2 43 4.9 0.6-37
any tic disorder 137 14 5 2 <0.0005 12 8 7.5 3.0-18 6.9 2.7-18 5.8 2.2-15 2.8 1.0-7.8
hypochondriasis 42 4 3 1 0.02 3 32 3.5 1.1-12 4.3 1.3-14 3.0 0.9-10
body dysmorphic disorder 60 6 2 1 0.001 6 18 7.8 1.9-32 8.6 2.1-36 6.9 1.6-29 3.9 0.8-18
trichotillomania 42 4 0 0 0.001 4 22 10 1.4-77 11 1.6-83 11 1.6-84 5.9 0.8-44
pathological nail biting 140 15 19 8 0.01 6 15 1.9 1.1-3.1 1.9 1.1-3.1 1.8 1.1-3.1 1.3 0.7-2.3
pathological skin picking 155 17 9 4 <0.0005 13 8 4.9 2.4-9.7 5.1 2.5-10 4.6 2.3-9.2 2.3 1.1-4.8
anorexia nervosa 26 3 2 1 0.10 2 54 3.2 0.8-14 4.4 1.0-19 4.2 1.0-18
bulimia nervosa 15 2 2 1 0.55 1 139 1.8 0.4-8.1
major depressive disorder 443 46 60 26 <0.0005 20 5 2.5 1.8-3.4 2.8 2.0-3.9 2.4 1.7-3.4 1.6 1.1-2.3
recurrent major depressive disorder 271 28 27 12 <0.0005 17 6 3.0 2.0-4.6 3.3 2.1-5.1 2.9 1.8-4.6 1.8 1.1-3.0
dysthymia 120 13 9 4 <0.0005 9 12 3.5 1.7-7.0 3.9 1.9-7.8 3.6 1.8-7.3 2.0 0.9-4.4
bipolar disorder (I or II) 39 4 4 2 0.08 2 42 2.4 0.9-6.9
pathological gambling 11 1 0 0 0.14 1 84 2.7 0.3-21
pyromania 6 1 0 0 0.60 1 156 1.4 0.2-12
kleptomania 21 2 2 1 0.29 1 74 2.6 0.6-11
alcohol dependence 119 12 31 14 0.61 −1 −80 0.9 0.6-1.4
drug dependence 58 6 15 6 0.79 0 −210 0.9 0.5-1.6
1

first-degree relatives of OCD-affected probands

2

first-degree relatives of non-OCD-affected probands

3

chi-square or Fisher’s exact test

4

difference in prevalence between case and control relatives

5

number needed to harm

6

crude (unadjusted) odds ratio calculated using generalized estimating equations

7

95% confidence interval

8

odds ratio calculated using generalized estimating equations, adjusted for demographic factors associated with case/control status and diagnosis (if applicable)…

9

… and proband diagnosis of same disorder…

10

…and OCD in relatives

11

all diagnoses = probable or definite; bold indicates odds ratios > 1.0 (two-tailed p ≤ 0.05); underline indicates that a random control was assigned the diagnosis for calculation purposes