Table 4.
Biomarkers of oxidative stress in PCD patients and control individuals.
| Control (n = 35) | Patients (n = 35) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apoptosis | 20.59 ± 18.97 | 10.01 ± 7.80 | 0.004 |
| ROS/RNS and antioxidant markers | |||
| GSH (FU) | 1438.00 ± 507.40 | 1463.00 ± 653.70 | 0.867 |
| O2− (FU) | 469.70 ± 406.70 | 273.00 ± 172.90 | 0.018 |
| ONOO− (FU) | 29.04 ± 16.27 | 18.64 ± 14.24 | 0.007 |
| NO (FU) | 132.70 ± 165.60 | 53.66 ± 33.79 | 0.007 |
| iCa2+ | 116.80 ± 53.55 | 111.20 ± 60.27 | 0.680 |
| Plasma membrane potential | 756.70 ± 767.00 | 748.10 ± 534.30 | 0.957 |
| Intracellular peroxides | 484.90 ± 409.20 | 823.20 ± 841.30 | 0.206 |
| Mitochondrial oxidative parameters | |||
| H2O2 (FU) | 490.50 ± 237.40 | 270.10 ± 133.10 | <0.0001 |
| O2− (FU) | 155.10 ± 108.60 | 74.56 ± 63.04 | 0.0004 |
| Mitochondrial mass (FU) | 1723.00 ± 947.50 | 2314.00 ± 877.70 | 0.009 |
| ΔΨm (FU) | 590.50 ± 376.80 | 735.30 ± 536.60 | 0.200 |
| Markers of oxidative damage | |||
| Oxidized protein (FU) | 1694.00 ± 1244.00 | 2147.80 ± 1298.00 | 0.1371 |
| Oxidized/reduced lipid ratio (FU) | 189.30 ± 163.70 | 178.90 ± 155.00 | 0.7973 |
Data are presented as mean and standard deviation. Bold indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; O2−: superoxide anion; ONOO−: peroxynitrites; NO: nitric oxide; iCa2+: intracellular calcium; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; ΔΨm: mitochondrial membrane potential; FU: fluorescence units.