Table 1.

Summary of genes associated with vertebral traits in pigs.

Genes	Associated Traits	Breeds	Country	Reference
RSAD2-CMPK2, COL3A1	✧Bone and skeletal development	Meishan pigs	China	[30]
HMGA1, VRTN, BMP2	✧Effects the number and length of vertebrae and the size of hind leg bones	Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred pigs		[31,32]
TIMP2, EML1, SMN1	✧Rib weights	Pigs		[33]
NR6A1, LTBP2	✧Number of vertebrae	Xiang pigs		[34]
GREB1L, ABCD4, VRTN, MIB1	✧Number of ribs	Beijing Black pigs		[27]
ABCD4 Hox family genes (HOXB 1–7, 9, and 13), NTRK2	✧Vertebral number	Beijing Black pigs		[35]
NR6A1, VRTN PLAG1, BMP2 MC4R	✧Number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae	Shanxia Black pigs		[36]
HOXA10	✧Development of thoracolumbar vertebrae and rib primordium	Pigs		[37]
BMP2	✧Growth and bone development ✧Carcass length	Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) hybrid pigs		[38]
VRTN, LTBP2, BMPR1A, FOS	✧Number of thoracic vertebrae	White × Minzhu crossbred pigs		[39]
VRTN	✧Number of vertebrae	Sujiang, Meishan, Bama, Erhualian, and Tibetan pigs		[40]
VRTN	✧Number of ribs	Suhuai pigs		[13]
VRTN	✧Number of thoracic vertebrae	Pigs		[41]
VRTN	✧Number of vertebrae and ribs	Duroc, Landrace, and Large White pigs	Norway	[42]
MMP9, VEGF	✧Pig femur and vertebra	Pigs	USA	[43]
NR6A1	✧Lumber vertebrae	Large White × Minzhu pigs	China	[44]
VRTN, FOS, PROX2, TGFB3	✧Number of thoracic vertebrae