Table 3.
Compounds enhance the antifungal activity of plumbagin.
| No. | Drugs | MIC (μM) | Fold Change of MIC (MICalone/MICcombined) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alone | Combination with Plumbagin | |||
| 1 | Almonertinib hydrochloride | >50 | 0.78 | 64 |
| 2 | Bosutinib | >50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 3 | Ceritinib dihydrochloride | 50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 4 | Cetylpyridinium chloride | 6.25 | 1.56 | 4 |
| 5 | Cinacalcet | >50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 6 | Clomiphene citrate | 25 | 6.25 | 4 |
| 7 | Dacomitinib | >50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 8 | Halofantrine hydrochloride | >50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 9 | Ilaprazole | >50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 10 | Nilotinib monohydrochloride monohydrate | >50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 11 | Pimavanserin tartrate | 50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 12 | Tafenoquine Succinate | 25 | 3.13 | 8 |
| 13 | Triflupromazine hydrochloride | >50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 14 | Vilanterol trifenatate | >50 | 1.56 | 32 |
| 15 | Vortioxetine | 25 | 6.25 | 4 |
| 16 | Vortioxetine hydrobromide | 50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 17 | Alectinib | >50 | 0.78 | 64 |
| 18 | Amiodarone hydrochloride | >50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 19 | Amphotericin B | 0.78 | <0.1 | 8 |
| 20 | Benzethonium chloride | 12.5 | 3.13 | 4 |
| 21 | Bleomycin hydrochloride | 50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 22 | Ceritinib | 50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 23 | Chlorhexidine | 25 | 3.13 | 8 |
| 24 | Clioquinol | 25 | 6.25 | 4 |
| 25 | Disulfiram | 12.5 | 3.13 | 4 |
| 26 | Domiphen bromide | 25 | 3.13 | 8 |
| 27 | Ebastine | 25 | 6.25 | 4 |
| 28 | Fingolimod | 12.5 | 1.56 | 8 |
| 29 | Ibudilast | >50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 30 | Magnolol | 50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 31 | Menadione | 50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 32 | Olmutinib | >50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 33 | Pinaverium bromide | 50 | 3.13 | 16 |
| 34 | Ponatinib | >50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 35 | Rolapitant | 50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 36 | Sertindole | >50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 37 | Sonidegib | >50 | 0.78 | 64 |
| 38 | Sultiame | 50 | 6.25 | 8 |
| 39 | Tegaserod maleate | 50 | 12.5 | 4 |
| 40 | Telotristat ethyl | 12.5 | 3.13 | 4 |
| 41 | Telotristat etiprate | 25 | 3.13 | 8 |
| 42 | Thonzonium bromide | 12.5 | 0.78 | 16 |
| 43 | Triclosan | 12.5 | 1.56 | 8 |
| 44 | Butoconazole nitrate | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 45 | Cinacalcet hydrochloride | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 46 | Clotrimazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 47 | Econazole nitrate | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 48 | Efinaconazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 49 | Everolimus | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 50 | Fenticonazole Nitrate | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 51 | Isavuconazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 52 | Isoconazole nitrate | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 53 | Itraconazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 54 | Ketoconazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 55 | Luliconazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 56 | Micafungin sodium | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 57 | Miconazole nitrate | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 58 | Neticonazole hydrochloride | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 59 | Oxiconazole nitrate | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 60 | Posaconazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 61 | Rapamycin | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 62 | Sertaconazole nitrate | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 63 | Sulconazole mononitrate | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 64 | Temsirolimus | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 65 | (+)-Ketoconazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 66 | Amorolfine hydrochloride | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 67 | Dasatinib | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 68 | Econazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 69 | Isavuconazonium sulfate | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 70 | Lapatinib | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 71 | Neticonazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 72 | Tioconazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 73 | Voriconazole | <0.1 | NA | NA |
| 74 | Atracurium besylate | 25 | 50 | 0.50 |
| 75 | Broxyquinoline | 1.56 | 3.13 | 0.50 |
| 76 | Cetrorelix Acetate | 6.25 | 50 | 0.13 |
| 77 | Revefenacin | 25 | 50 | 0.50 |
| 78 | Adapalene | 25 | 50 | 0.50 |
| 79 | Bifonazole | 3.13 | 6.25 | 0.50 |
| 80 | Dimetridazole | 12.5 | 25 | 0.50 |
| 81 | Dioscin | 0.2 | 3.13 | 0.06 |
| 82 | Terbinafine | 1.56 | 3.13 | 0.50 |
| 83 | Terbinafine hydrochloride | 1.56 | 3.13 | 0.50 |
| 84 | 10-Undecenoic acid | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 85 | 10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 86 | Aclacinomycin A hydrochloride | 25 | 12.5 | 2 |
| 87 | Atorvastatin | 12.5 | 12.5 | 1 |
| 88 | Aviptadil acetate | >50 | >50 | 1 |
| 89 | Bleomycin sulfate | 25 | 12.5 | 2 |
| 90 | Blonanserin | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 91 | Chlorprothixene | >50 | 25 | 2 |
| 92 | Chlorquinaldol | 3.13 | 1.56 | 2 |
| 93 | Ciclopirox | 50 | 50 | 1 |
| 94 | Dronedarone hydrochloride | 25 | 12.5 | 2 |
| 95 | Fluconazole | 6.25 | 6.25 | 1 |
| 96 | Fluvastatin sodium | 3.13 | 3.13 | 1 |
| 97 | Fosravuconazole lysine ethanolate | 12.5 | 12.5 | 1 |
| 98 | Josamycin | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 99 | Lonafarnib | >50 | >50 | 1 |
| 100 | L-Thyroxine sodium | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 101 | Miltefosine | 50 | 50 | 1 |
| 102 | Mycophenolic acid | 3.13 | 3.13 | 1 |
| 103 | Natamycin | 25 | 25 | 1 |
| 104 | Nintedanib esylate | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 105 | Nitroxoline | 6.25 | 6.25 | 1 |
| 106 | Otilonium bromide | 3.13 | 1.56 | 2 |
| 107 | Penfluridol | >50 | 25 | 2 |
| 108 | Piroctone olamine | 50 | 50 | 1 |
| 109 | Pitavastatin Calcium | 1.56 | 0.78 | 2 |
| 110 | Pramocaine hydrochloride | 50 | 50 | 1 |
| 111 | Tamoxifen Citrate | 50 | 25 | 2 |
| 112 | Teprenone | 50 | 50 | 1 |
| 113 | Vilazodone | >50 | 25 | 2 |
| 114 | Visomitin | 25 | 12.5 | 2 |
| 115 | Abiraterone | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 116 | Armillarisin A | >50 | >50 | 1 |
| 117 | Atorvastatin hemicalcium salt | 12.5 | 6.25 | 2 |
| 118 | Auranofin | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 119 | Bepridil hydrochloride hydrate | 50 | 50 | 1 |
| 120 | Bithionol | 50 | 50 | 1 |
| 121 | Boceprevir | 50 | 50 | 1 |
| 122 | Bromperidol | 25 | 25 | 1 |
| 123 | Calcium lactate | 25 | 25 | 1 |
| 124 | Carmofur | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 125 | Cerivastatin sodium | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1 |
| 126 | Cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate | 6.25 | 3.13 | 2 |
| 127 | Chloroxine | 3.13 | 3.13 | 1 |
| 128 | Ciclopirox olamine | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 129 | Degarelix | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 130 | Dichlorisone acetate | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 131 | Dronedarone | 25 | 12.5 | 2 |
| 132 | Eltrombopag | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 133 | Fingolimod hydrochloride | 6.25 | 3.13 | 2 |
| 134 | Flucytosine | >50 | 25 | 2 |
| 135 | Fluspirilene | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 136 | Hexylresorcinol | 50 | 50 | 1 |
| 137 | Levamlodipine besylate | >50 | >50 | 1 |
| 138 | Nintedanib | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 139 | Octenidine dihydrochloride | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1 |
| 140 | Osimertinib mesylate | >50 | 25 | 2 |
| 141 | Propofol | >50 | 50 | 1 |
| 142 | Rosuvastatin calcium | 25 | 25 | 1 |
| 143 | Tamoxifen | 12.5 | 12.5 | 1 |
| 144 | Tavaborole | 0.78 | 0.78 | 1 |
| 145 | Terconazole | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1 |
| 146 | Ticagrelor | >50 | 25 | 2 |
| 147 | Zinc Pyrithione | 0.78 | 0.39 | 2 |
Annotation: NA: Not applicable. ■: 30 drugs are excluded as these drugs have potent antifungal activities. ■: 10 drugs were excluded as plumbagin antagonizes them. ■: 64 drugs were excluded as plumbagin slightly affected their antifungal activities.