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Influence of L–malic acid on gut microbiota diversity in sows during late pregnancy. (A–D) The α–diversity and (E) β–diversity of the gut microbiota in sows by 16S rRNA sequencing. (A–D) Comparison of Shannon index (A), Simpson index (B), Ace index (C), and Chao 1 index (D) between CON and MA groups. (E) Unweighted principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) at the OTU level. CON, basal diet; MA, basal diet containing 2% malic acid complex. Data were shown as means ± SEM (n = 6).
