. 2024 Feb 16;16(4):804. doi: 10.3390/cancers16040804

Table 1.

Clinical and demographic characteristics of the derivation and validation cohort.

Variable	Total n = 257	Derivation Cohort n = 155	Validation Cohort n = 102	p Value
Age (years)	59.3 $\pm$ 11.5	59.2 $\pm$ 11.6	59.4 $\pm$ 11.3	0.873
Male	249 (96.9)	151 (97.4)	98 (96.1)	0.716
BMI (kg/m²)	20.6 $\pm$ 3.6	20.6 $\pm$ 3.5	20.8 $\pm$ 3.8	0.707
ECOG-PS				0.698
0	1 (0.4)	0 (0)	1 (1.0)
1	188 (73.2)	113 (72.9)	75 (73.5)
2	46 (17.9)	30 (19.4)	16 (15.7)
3	18 (7.0)	10 (6.5)	8 (7.8)
4	4 (1.6)	2 (1.3)	2 (2.0)
Initial Vital Signs
SBP (mmHg)	123.4 $\pm$ 29.0	120.7 $\pm$ 28.5	127.4 $\pm$ 29.5	0.072
DBP (mmHg)	76.3 $\pm$ 15.9	76.0 $\pm$ 16.6	76.7 $\pm$ 15.0	0.700
Heart rate (beats/min)	105.6 $\pm$ 21.6	104.4 $\pm$ 22.1	107.5 $\pm$ 20.8	0.266
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)	19.5 $\pm$ 2.9	19.6 $\pm$ 2.9	19.4 $\pm$ 3.0	0.596
Personal Habits
Smoking history	211 (82.1)	126 (81.3)	85 (83.3)	0.741
Betel nut chewer	130 (50.6)	78 (50.3)	52 (51.0)	1.000
Alcohol consumption	191 (74.3)	116 (74.8)	75 (73.5)	0.884
Comorbidity
Hypertension	77 (30.0)	42 (27.1)	35 (34.3)	0.266
Diabetes mellitus	39 (15.2)	21 (13.5)	18 (17.6)	0.380
Coronary artery disease	12 (4.7)	7 (4.5)	5 (4.9)	1.000
Congestive heart failure	5 (1.9)	3 (1.9)	2 (2.0)	1.000
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	135 (52.5)	87 (56.1)	48 (47.1)	0.162
Chronic kidney disease	19 (7.4)	11 (7.1)	8 (7.8)	1.000
Prior cerebrovascular accident	12 (4.7)	2 (1.3)	10 (9.8)	0.002*
Liver cirrhosis	44 (17.1)	27 (17.4)	17 (16.7)	1.000
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	7 (2.7)	5 (3.2)	2 (2.0)	0.706
Other malignancy	58 (22.6)	33 (21.3)	25 (24.5)	0.648
Charlson comorbidity index	6.92 $\pm$ 2.83	6.89 $\pm$ 2.84	6.97 $\pm$ 2.82	0.824
Current Medication
Use of NSAIDs	24 (9.3)	12 (7.7)	12 (11.8)	0.381
Use of Anti-platelets Agent^〒	14 (5.4)	7 (4.5)	7 (6.9)	0.576
Use of Anti-coagulant Agent^†	1 (0.4)	1 (0.6)	0 (0)	1.000
Use of PPI or H2-receptor antagonist	89 (34.6)	54 (34.8)	35 (34.3)	1.000
Initial Presenting symptoms
Hematemesis	176 (68.5)	108 (69.7)	68 (66.7)	0.681
Melena	81 (31.5)	47 (30.3)	34 (33.3)	0.681
Active bleeding	64 (24.9)	38 (24.5)	26 (25.5)	0.884
Arterial–esophageal fistula	36 (14.0)	22 (14.2)	14 (13.7)	1.000
Initial Laboratory data
WBC (10³/ $μ L$ )	11.4 $\pm$ 9.5	11.7 $\pm$ 10.4	11.2 $\pm$ 8.2	0.700
Hb (g/dL)	9.5 $\pm$ 2.5	9.6 $\pm$ 2.5	9.3 $\pm$ 2.4	0.317
PLT (10³/ $μ L$ )	253 $\pm$ 138	243 $\pm$ 127	269 $\pm$ 154	0.140
PT (s)	12.9 $\pm$ 6.1	13.1 $\pm$ 7.6	12.6 $\pm$ 2.7	0.544
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.05 $\pm$ 0.75	1.02 $\pm$ 0.53	1.10 $\pm$ 1.00	0.364

Count data are expressed as numbers (percentages) and continuous values are expressed as mean ± SD. ECOG-PS: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Score; NSAIDs: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug; BMI: body mass index; PPI: proton pump inhibitor; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; WBC: white blood cell; Hb: hemoglobin; PLT: platelet count; PT: prothrombin time; ^〒 Anti-platelet agents including Aspirin (9) or Clopidogrel (2). ^† Anti-coagulant agents including Warfarin (1), Apixban (2), Rivaroxaban (3), * p-value < 0.05.