Table 2.
Characteristics of tumor and clinical outcomes of the derivation cohort and validation cohort.
| Variable | Total n = 257 |
Derivation Cohort n = 155 |
Validation Cohort n = 102 |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor site (Esophagus) | 0.283 | |||
| Upper third | 50 (19.5) | 34 (21.9) | 16 (15.7) | |
| Middle third | 95 (40.0) | 52 (33.5) | 43 (42.2) | |
| Lower third | 112 (43.6) | 69 (44.5) | 43 (42.2) | |
| Tumor length (cm) | 7.11 3.30 | 6.88 3.05 | 8.24 4.21 | 0.119 |
| Tumor pathology | 0.283 | |||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 236 (91.8) | 142 (91.6) | 94 (92.2) | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 13 (5.0) | 8 (5.2) | 5 (4.9) | |
| Small cell carcinoma | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | |
| Melanoma | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.0) | |
| Neuroendocrine | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | |
| Unknown | 4 (1.6) | 4 (2.6) | 0 (0) | |
| T stage | 0.378 | |||
| T1 | 7 (3.9) | 6 (3.9) | 1 (1.0) | |
| T2 | 25 (9.7) | 17 (11) | 8 (7.8) | |
| T3 | 116 (45.1) | 64 (41.3) | 52 (51.0) | |
| T4 | 105 (40.9) | 66 (42.6) | 39 (38.2) | |
| Unknown | 4 (1.6) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (2.0) | |
| N stage | 0.701 | |||
| N0 | 40 (15.6) | 22 (14.2) | 18 (17.6) | |
| N+ | 215 (83.7) | 132 (85.2) | 83 (81.4) | |
| Unknown | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.0) | |
| M stage | 0.752 | |||
| M0 | 155 (60.3) | 90 (58.1) | 65 (63.7) | |
| M1 | 99 (38.5) | 63 (40.6) | 36 (35.3) | |
| Unknown | 3 (1.2) | 2 (1.3) | 1 (1.0) | |
| Cancer stage | 0.728 | |||
| I | 6 (2.3) | 5 (3.2) | 1 (1.0) | |
| II | 17 (6.6) | 10 (6.5) | 7 (6.9) | |
| III | 59 (23.0) | 34 (21.9) | 25 (24.5) | |
| IV | 175 (68.1) | 106 (68.4) | 69 (67.6) | |
| Initial cancer treatment | ||||
| Surgical resection | 17 (6.6) | 7 (4.5) | 10 (9.8) | 0.124 |
| Chemoradiation | 170 (66.1) | 98 (63.3) | 72 (70.6) | 0.229 |
| Stent implantation | 38 (14.8) | 20 (12.9) | 18 (17.6) | 0.369 |
| Local recurrence | 74 (28.8) | 45 (29.0) | 29 (28.4) | 1.000 |
| Emergent examination | ||||
| Endoscopy | 222 (86.4) | 133 (85.8) | 89 (87.3) | 0.853 |
| Emergent CTA | 53 (20.6) | 32 (20.6) | 21 (20.6) | 1.000 |
| Initial medication | ||||
| Proton pump inhibitor | 235 (91.3) | 142 (91.6) | 93 (91.2) | 1.000 |
| Tranexamic acid | 188 (73.2) | 116 (74.8) | 72 (70.6) | 0.474 |
| Terlipressin | 32 (12.5) | 16 (10.3) | 16 (15.7) | 0.247 |
| Bleeding treatment | 0.687 | |||
| Endoscopic treatment † | 17 (6.6) | 10 (6.5) | 7 (6.9) | |
| Surgical repair/Stent implantation | 26 (10.1) | 13 (8.4) | 13 (12.7) | |
| Arterial embolization | 7 (2.7) | 4 (2.6) | 3 (3.0) | |
| Blood transfusion | 148 (57.6) | 86 (55.5) | 62 (60.8) | 0.440 |
| Intubation | 34 (13.2) | 22 (14.2) | 12 (11.8) | 0.707 |
| Inotropic agents support | 11 (4.3) | 6 (3.9) | 5 (4.9) | 0.758 |
| ICU admission | 29 (11.3) | 17 (11.0) | 12 (11.8) | 1.000 |
| Hospice care | 81 (31.5) | 49 (31.6) | 32 (31.4) | 1.000 |
| Rebleeding event | 160 (62.3) | 92 (59.4) | 68 (66.7) | 0.293 |
Count data are expressed as numbers (percentages) and continuous values are expressed as mean ± SD. CTA: computed tomography angiography; ICU: intensive care units. † Endoscopic treatment included use of Argon coagulation, Hemoclip, Epinephrine injection and Band ligation.