Table 1.

Studies involving the interplay between AXL and glioblastoma.

First Author and Year of Publication	Title	Therapeutic Target	Conclusion	Reference
Kang et al., 2021	Development of Antigen-specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor KHYG-1 Cells for Glioblastoma	CAR KHYG-1 cells can interact with c-Met, FOLR1, and AXL proteins	c-Met and AXL were over-expressed in several glioblastoma cell lines. CAR KHYG-1 cells can eradicate the positive cell of glioblastoma.	[90]
Kim et al., 2021	Quercetin Induces Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Cells by Suppressing Axl/IL-6/STAT3 Signaling Pathway	The role of quercetin on AXL/IL-6/STAT3 pathway is investigated.	They propose quercetin as a possible anticancer drug that might enhance cancer treatment.	[91]
Sun et al., 2021	Corosolic Acid Attenuates the Invasiveness of Glioblastoma Cells by Promoting CHIP-Mediated AXL Degradation and Inhibiting GAS6/AXL/JAK Axis	Authors have experimented with the use of corosolic acid to treat glioblastoma.	The data show that CA reduces the invasiveness of glioblastoma cells by interacting with AXL, GAS6 and JAK2/MEK/ERK cascade.	[92]
Zdzalik-Bielecka et al., 2021	The GAS6-AXL signaling pathway triggers actin remodeling that drives membrane ruffling, macropinocytosis, and cancer-cell invasion	The signaling pathway between AXL-GAS6 and how it affects the development of cancer cells.	Different actin-guided cytoskeletal rearrangements that the cell undergoes are caused by GAS6-AXL and contribute to the invasion of cancer cells.	[93]
Zwernik et al., 2021	AXL receptor is required for Zika virus strain MR-766 infection in human glioblastoma cell lines	AXL and ZIKV are highly involved and can be exploited to treat glioblastoma.	ZIKV entry into glioblastoma cells through the AXL receptor produces cytotoxicity.	[94]
Chen et al., 2022	Comprehensive Oncogenic Features of Coronavirus Receptors in Glioblastoma Multiforme	The authors study the connection between Coronavirus and glioblastoma, exploiting several receptors including AXL.	The work examines the connection between coronavirus receptors and glioblastoma for the first time and proposes the connection with ACE2, DPP4, ANPEP, AXL, TMPRSS2 and ENPEP	[95]
Liu et al., 2022	Targeting the Axl and mTOR Pathway Synergizes Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy to Butylidenephthalide in a Recurrent glioblastoma	The authors studied the connection between (Z)-BP delivery through CWs and TMZ in glioblastoma, focusing on AXL and mTOR.	Simultaneous treatment allows blocking of the progression of several cancer pathways.	[96]
Scherschinski et al., 2022	Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma	The role of AXL in the development of resistance-acquired therapy is explored.	RTK-AXL is required by the glioblastoma to develop drug resistance.	[97]
Zdzalik-Bielecka et al., 2022	Bemcentinib and Gilteritinib Inhibit Cell Growth and Impair the Endo-Lysosomal and Autophagy Systems in an AXL-Independent Manner	Bemcentinib and Gilteritinib are highly involved in autophagy by AXL.	The endo-lysosomal and autophagy systems were compromised by bemcentinib and gilteritinib in a way that was independent of AXL.	[98]
Chen et al., 2023	CTLA-4 blockade induces a microglia-Th1 cell partnership that stimulates microglia phagocytosis and anti-tumor function in glioblastoma	αCTLA-4 and αPD-1 are studied in a mouse model of glioblastoma.	In mesenchymal-like glioblastoma, αCTLA-4 inhibition activates CD4+ T cells and microglia via interferon-gamma.	[99]
Lecoultre et al., 2023	Radio-chemotherapy of glioblastoma cells promotes phagocytosis by macrophages in vitro	The work aims to evaluate the interplay of the actual treatment in glioblastoma also evaluating the AXL and other receptors	The effects of radio-chemotherapy on phagocytic activity may enhance pro-tumoral and anti-inflammatory TAM activities.	[100]
Vo et al., 2023	AXL is required for hypoxia-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha function in glioblastoma	AXL is involved in the release of (HIF-1α) in glioblastoma pattern.	HIF-1α and AXL co-expression was detected in human glioblastoma samples, but not in normal tissue.	[101]